Ethnobotany Research and Applications

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the management of hypertension and diabetes in the Meknes Province (Morocco)

2026-05-30T13:37:18+00:00

Background: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are major chronic diseases, and traditional phytotherapy remains widely used in Morocco for their management. This study aimed to document and analyze medicinal plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension in the Meknes province.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the Meknes province (Morocco) between April 2024 and June 2025 using semi-structured interviews with 512 informants from both urban and rural areas. Data were analyzed using quantitative indices, including Fidelity Level (FL), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Family Importance Value (FIV), Value of Plant Part (VPP), Criterion of Part Used (CPU), and Criterion of Preparation (CP). Statistical analyses were performed to assess factors influencing the perceived effectiveness of phytotherapy.

Results: A total of 18 plant species belonging to 11 families were identified, including five species also used for hypertension. The most cited species were Eucalyptus spp. (RFC = 0.14), Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (RFC = 0.12), Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (RFC = 0.11), and Olea europaea L. var. sativa (RFC = 0,10). The most represented families were Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, and Asteraceae. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (45%; VPP = 0.423), while decoction was the dominant preparation method (40%), followed by infusion and powder (22%). The principal component analysis (PCA) explained 85.08% of the total variance (F1 = 60.03%, F2 = 25.04%) and revealed a clear differentiation between highly cited species and those with lower ethnobotanical importance, as well as variations in the diversity of their therapeutic uses. Statistical analysis revealed that socio-economic status, age, and disease duration significantly influenced therapeutic outcomes (p < 0.05), whereas gender showed no significant effect.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the richness of ethnobotanical knowledge and the continued reliance on medicinal plants for the management of diabetes and hypertension in the Meknes province. These results support the potential of these species as sources of bioactive compounds, while emphasizing the need for further pharmacological and toxicological validation to ensure their safe and effective use.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Phytotherapy, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Ethnobotanical survey, Meknes.

the Integrating indigenous women knowledge into mangrove management - the Tonotwiyat system in Papua, Indonesia

2026-06-17T02:35:59+00:00

Background: Effective mangrove management requires the integration of local ecological knowledge, customary institutions, and gender equity. This study examines Tonotwiyat-Women's Forest in Youtefa Bay, Papua, Indonesia, as a model of mangrove governance based on indigenous women's knowledge.

Methods: The methods used included a literature review, social-ecological systems (SES) surveys, in-depth interviews, observations, participatory mapping, and focus group discussions. A total of 62 purposively selected respondents participated in the study. The primary respondents were women whose activities were directly related to the mangrove. Additional participants included customary stakeholders, policymakers, village governments, and experts/NGOs. Data were analyzed using the SES framework and institutional analysis based on a common-pool resources (CPR) approach.

Results: The Tonotwiyat-Women's Forest System is a form of local knowledge and wisdom that is a form of gender-based biocultural governance of mangrove forests (mangrove ecosystems), where indigenous women's knowledge serves as an institutional foundation for conservation and collaborative management This model can inform gender-responsive mangrove co-management policies in other coastal areas facing mangrove management challenges with adjustments to local contexts.

Conclusions: Tonotwiyat-Women's Forest shows that formally integrating indigenous women’s knowledge, customary access rights, participatory mapping, and community monitoring can strengthen gender-responsive mangrove co-management and inform coastal policy beyond Youtefa Bay. This model can inform gender-responsive mangrove co-management policies in other coastal areas facing mangrove management challenges with adjustments to local contexts.

Keywords: Tonotwiyat; Women's Forest; local knowledge; local wisdom; mangrove; coastal ethnobotany; social-ecological system; Papua

Ethnobotany of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and its combinations with medicinal plants in the Beni Mellal region, Morocco

2026-04-23T11:25:14+00:00

Background: Green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is widely consumed worldwide, and has a particular importance for several ethnic populations, mainly Asian and North African. This study assessed, for the first time, the ethnobotany of green tea intake and its combination with medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in Morocco.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region, (Morocco), consisting of 212 informants. Data were collected using a structured, paper-based questionnaire to collect comprehensive ethnobotanical information regarding the practices related to green tea consumption.

Results: Results revealed a high prevalence of daily green tea consumption (88.68%), with most participants reporting an intake twice per day (40.57%) and two cups per consumption (50%). Green tea was mainly consumed alone or with food, and was generally preferred at moderate concentration and in sweetened form. About 83% of participants reported combining green tea with MAPs, either individually or in a mixture. Seventeen species belonging to seven botanical families were used individually, with Lamiaceae being the most represented and Asteraceae showing the highest FIV (0.462). Regarding mixtures, 31 species from 13 families were recorded, with Geraniaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae being the most prominent families.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates the integral role of green tea in dietary habits of the local population, and highlights the ethnobotanical richness of MAPs used in its preparation, reflecting the transmission and conservation of traditional knowledge. Further investigations are required to assess the safety of the most commonly used species and their combinations, particularly in cases of regular and long-term consumption.

Keywords: Green Tea; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Ethnobotany; Traditional practices; Beni Mellal-Khenifra region; Morocco

Ecological aspects, introduction, comparative anatomical and ethnobotanical assessment of two species of the genus Artemisia L.

2026-05-25T04:09:39+00:00

Background: Species of the genus Artemisia L. are of considerable ethnobotanical, medicinal, and ecological importance in the flora of Uzbekistan. Artemisia dracunculus L. and Artemisia vulgaris L. are widely used in traditional medicine and are of interest for studying their distribution, adaptive potential, and structural characteristics under introduction conditions. The aim of the present study was to assess the ethnobotanical significance, ecological status, spatial distribution patterns, introduction performance, and leaf anatomical structure of two medicinal species of the genus Artemisia in the flora of Uzbekistan.

Methods: The study included an analysis of published ethnobotanical data, herbarium materials from the National Herbarium of Uzbekistan (TASH), field observations, and GIS-based mapping of the distribution of A. dracunculus and A. vulgaris. Spatial analysis was performed using ArcGIS 10.6.1, Google Earth, and SAS Planet. To assess altitudinal distribution, occurrence points were compared with a digital elevation model. Introduction observations were carried out under the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden named after F.N. Rusanov. The anatomical structure of the leaves was studied on transverse sections taken from the middle part of the leaf blade, stained with methylene blue, and mounted in glycerol-gelatin. Quantitative anatomical parameters were statistically processed based on 30 measurements for each trait.

Results: GIS analysis revealed pronounced ecogeographical differentiation between the two species. A. dracunculus is characterized by a broad ecological amplitude and occurs within an altitudinal range of 500–2500 m a.s.l., covering both the mountainous regions of the Western Tien Shan, Western Hissar, Hissar-Darvaz, and Fergana-Alay, as well as the arid territories of Ustyurt and Kyzylkum. A. vulgaris has a more restricted distribution, mainly within 400–1800 m a.s.l., and is associated with mesophilic foothill areas, anthropogenically disturbed habitats, and synanthropic oases.

Ethnobotanical data confirm the use of A. dracunculus for inflammatory diseases, bruises, rheumatism, and sciatica, whereas A. vulgaris is used as an antipyretic, antiseptic, tonic, sedative, and anti-inflammatory agent. Under introduction conditions, A. dracunculus showed high seed germination, good survival, and active vegetative growth. A. vulgaris has been maintained for more than 30 years in the medicinal plant collection of the Tashkent Botanical Garden, where it flowers and fruits annually and regenerates by self-seeding.

The anatomical study revealed common leaf features in both species, including dorsiventral mesophyll, amphistomatic leaves, collateral vascular bundles, and the presence of T-shaped non-glandular trichomes. Species-specific features of A. dracunculus include two-layered palisade parenchyma, 5–6-layered spongy tissue, the presence of secretory ducts, and essential oils in the mesophyll. A. vulgaris is characterized by one-layered palisade parenchyma, 2–3-layered spongy tissue, the presence of subepidermal collenchyma and bast fibers, and the absence of distinct secretory ducts in the leaf.

Conclusions: obtained data show that A. dracunculus is an ecologically plastic species with a broad altitudinal and geographical amplitude, whereas A. vulgaris exhibits more pronounced ecological specialization and dependence on mesophilic and anthropogenically transformed habitats. The successful introduction of both species under the conditions of the Tashkent Botanical Garden confirms their adaptive potential and their prospects for conservation, further study, and sustainable use. The identified anatomical traits may be used for species diagnosis, assessment of adaptive strategies, and expansion of knowledge on the structural organization of medicinal plants of the genus Artemisia.

Keywords: Artemisia dracunculus, Artemisia vulgaris, ethnobotany, medicinal plants, GIS mapping, introduction, leaf anatomy, ecological plasticity, Uzbekistan.

Indigenous ethnomedicinal knowledge and herbal remedies among Saharan women healers in Southwestern Algeria

2026-05-13T18:04:48+00:00

Background: Traditional healing remains central to primary healthcare in Saharan communities across North Africa. In Algeria, ethnomedicinal knowledge is largely held by women healers. This study aimed to document herbal remedies used by Saharan women healers and to examine age- and practice-related variation in reported ethnomedicinal knowledge.

Methods: We documented the practices of 39 women traditional healers from Bechar and Beni Abbes provinces. Ethnobotanical data were quantified using the Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). Age-related variation was assessed by correlating informant age with use-report counts (UR), and experience-related differences were examined by comparing UR across practitioner groups.

Results: A total of 776 UR were recorded, documenting 95 medicinal plant taxa belonging to 40 botanical families. Artemisia herba-alba was the most frequently cited species (RFC = 0.846). Informant consensus was highest for respiratory (ICF = 0.89) and digestive disorders (ICF = 0.76), and 11 taxa showed complete fidelity (FL = 100%). Approximately 25% of informants reported consulting biomedical services primarily for diagnostic purposes and subsequently relying on traditional remedies for management. Total UR showed a weak positive association with age, and professional Douaya reported higher UR values than non-regular traditional healing practitioners.

Conclusions: Women healers reported a diverse ethnomedicinal repertoire. Lower UR among non-regular practitioners may reflect differences in reported ethnomedicinal knowledge and practice intensity, underscoring the need to document and safeguard women’s traditional healing knowledge.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Traditional healers, Women, Algerian Sahara, Medicinal plants, knowledge transmission

Sociodemographic determinants and Eethnobotanical patterns of medicinal plant use in pancreatic diabetes management in rural Morocco: A mixed-methods study from Dar El Gueddari

2026-06-17T02:38:28+00:00

Background: This study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic determinants and ethnobotanical patterns associated with medicinal plant use for diabetes management in a rural population of Dar El Gueddari, northwestern Morocco.

Methods: A mixed-methods cross-sectional design was employed using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Multivariate Analysis to explore relationships between sociodemographic variables and ethnobotanical practices.

Results: Results showed that the study population was predominantly aged 20–60 years (62.5%), female (57.5%), illiterate (52.5%), married (47.5%), and low-income (<2000 DH; 73%), with all differences being statistically significant (p < 0.05). Ten medicinal plant species were reported for diabetes management, with Ficus carica and Camellia sinensis being the most frequently cited (14% each). Leaves (47%) and seeds (32%) were the most used plant parts, while infusion was the dominant administration method (86%). Correspondence Analysis revealed structured associations between sociodemographic profiles and phytotherapeutic practices, explaining 41.47% of total inertia.

Conclusions: The novelty of this study lies in its integrated epidemiological-ethnobotanical approach focusing on a rural Moroccan population with documented pancreatic diabetes, a condition rarely explored in traditional medicine research. These results underscore the need for targeted health education, standardized herbal usage guidelines, and integration of validated medicinal plants into community health strategies.

Keywords: Diabetes, medicinal plants, sociodemographic profiles, phytotherapeutic practices, Morocco.

Useful hedgerow plants in Surrey: knowledge, uses and wellbeing benefits

2026-04-29T15:11:41+00:00

Background: Hedgerows are a valuable feature of the British countryside and the produce from them has been used by humans for centuries. Useful hedgerow plants (UHP) are still used for food, fuel, craft and medicine, and since the Covid 19 pandemic, interest in foraging and wild edible plants (WEP) has grown, yet there is a lack of research about the cultural relationship between people and hedges. This study looked at what the Surrey public know about hedgerow plants and what wellbeing impact this knowledge offers.

Methods: Utilizing a mixed methodology centered on ethnobotany and social sciences, the research studied quantitative and qualitative data to explore the importance of hedgerows to the public. An online questionnaire and face-to-face interviews were conducted with participants from across Surrey and the results analyzed using R.

Results: Participants cited 107 species with 274 unique uses recorded. Both current and childhood residence had an impact on knowledge and usage; specifically, a rural childhood was a major factor in plant knowledge with over 80% of participants gaining knowledge in childhood. Reasons why UHP are important to the public were explored and various kinds of wellbeing, including connection to nature and community, mental health benefits, and enjoyment, are linked to knowledge of UHP.

Conclusions: There is a wide diversity of knowledge of UHP across Surrey and this knowledge, and resulting usage, can have a positive impact on both users and hedgerow health and conservation. Knowledge acquisition typically happens in childhood and resulting policy implications are suggested.

Keywords: Useful Plants, Hedgerows, Wellbeing, Connection to Nature, Wild Edible Plants, Ethnobotany, Foraging.

Preserving indigenous wisdom: An ethnomedicinal survey and quantitative analysis of the medicinal flora in Thattagarai and Oosimalai

2026-05-14T07:15:23+00:00

Background: Medicinal plants are the most important source for our medical systems. Due to the modernization of theworld, the knowledge of indigenous medicinal plants was disappearing. The main objective of this study focuses on identifying and recording the medicinal plants used by the indigenous tribal communities living in the Thattagarai and Oosimalair egions of Erode.

Methods: This ethnobotanical survey carried a total of a total 78 informants, and traditional healers were interviewed; a result of 49 medicinal plant species belonging to 33 families are reported.

Results: Overall, Fabaceae (10.20%) was the dominant family, followed by Combretaceae (8.16%), Solanaceae, and Euphorbiaceae (6.12%). Life form analysis shows trees (40.82%), followed by herbs (28.57%), shrubs (18.37%), and climbers (12.24%). The Use Value (UV) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) results range from0.04 to 0.87, with several plants, such as Terminalia chebula, Mimosa pudica, Butea monosperma, Hemidesmus indicus, and Withania somnifera. The Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values ranged from 0.94 to 1.00. High ICF values were indicated for skin diseases, wounds, joint pain, diabetes, immunity boosting, digestive disorders, and snake bites.

Conclusion: This research concluded with the documentation of ethnomedicinal knowledge, which conserves the natural biodiversity and transformation of knowledge through roots.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, ethnobotanical survey, documentation, Use Value, and Relative Frequency of Citation.

Ethnobotanical inventory of spontaneous medicinal plants in the rural region of Chehama (Tiaret, western Algeria): floristic richness and traditional knowledge valorization

2026-06-13T09:42:36+00:00

Background: Medicinal plants are considered a cornerstone in human life, and have long been used as a primary source of treatment for various illnesses. Floristic inventories helped identify species used by local populations, preserve traditional knowledge from erosion, and support biodiversity conservation. This study presents a systematic floristic inventory of medicinal plants in the Chehama region (Tiaret-western Algeria), aiming to document native species and their traditional uses.

Methods: A systematic inventory of spontaneous medicinal flora was conducted during the optimal vegetation period between 2021 and 2024. Sampling was based on ecologically homogeneous zones, with 100m2 surface. Taxa identification was done simultaneously in the field and the laboratory. Furthermore, their medicinal status was cross-referenced with existing literature, including ethnobotanical studies and books of Algerian medicinal plants.

Results: Out of 207 recorded species, 118 were medicinal, representing 102 genera and 40 botanical families. The Asteraceae family exhibited the highest species richness (21.2%). Leaves were the most commonly used plant parts (33.1%). While infusion (37.4%) and decoction (28.8%) were the most frequently reported methods, mainly for oral administration (70.1%). These plants were used to treat 15 categories of ailments. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequently cited (17.2%), followed by dermatological (11.8%), respiratory and urogenital diseases (10.7%) each. While these plants are used frequently, the presence of toxic plants implies strict precaution.

Conclusions: These results are valuable for the advancement of phytochemical research, the conservation of ethnobotanical knowledge and the preservation of phytodiversity within this region and Algeria as a whole.

Keywords: Herbal medicine, inventory, native plant, Tiaret (Algeria).

Medicinal plants used in the traditional management of wounds and hypertension: An ethnoecological survey in Ouled Moussa, Algeria

2026-05-03T08:29:45+00:00

Background: In Algeria, many communities rely on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants for daily healthcare. In Ouled Moussa, Boumerdes, local plants are still used to treat burns, wounds, and manage hypertension. However, scientific documentation in this region is limited. This study aims to document medicinal plants used in Ouled Moussa for wound care and hypertension, including their uses and ecological characteristics.

Methods: Structured interviews with 44 herbalists in Ouled Moussa documented medicinal plants, their preparation, and uses. Ethnobotanical indices assessed species importance. Chorology was analyzed using Takhtajan’s classification, and conservation status was evaluated via the IUCN Red List. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) were applied to quantitative and binary data to identify groups of species.

Results: The herbalists shared knowledge on 48 plant species across 26 families, with Lamiaceae and Asteraceae most frequently cited. Herbs were the predominant life form, with leaves as the main plant part used, followed by seeds and roots. Preparations included infusions, mixtures, and ointments. Most species are native to the Mediterranean or Euro-Siberian regions, and the majority are not currently threatened according to the 2024 IUCN Red List, though Saussurea costus is Critically Endangered and Marrubium vulgare Near Threatened. Notably, species such as Teucrium polium, Punica granatum, Carthamus caeruleus, and Hibiscus sabdariffa were widely cited for both wound care and managing blood pressure, reflecting a practical overlap valued by the community.

Conclusions: These findings highlight a living tradition of using local plants for health needs in Ouled Moussa. Preserving this knowledge is essential, especially as some of these plants face pressures from environmental changes. Beyond cultural preservation, these practices may guide researchers in identifying plants with potential for developing new wound-healing and antihypertensive treatments. Further studies should explore the pharmacological properties of these plants to confirm their safety and effectiveness.

Keywords: Ethnoecological, wound healing, hypertension, medicinal plants, PCA.

Ethnobotanical documentation and quantitative analysis of medicinal plants used to treat rheumatic disorders in the central Algerian steppe

2026-05-29T13:28:31+00:00

Background: Rheumatic disorders are commonly managed with medicinal plants in North African semi-arid regions, where traditional knowledge remains integral to primary healthcare. Documenting these practices preserves biocultural heritage and helps identify culturally salient taxa and preparation modes relevant for future pharmacological research. This study documented medicinal plants used for rheumatic disorders in the central Algerian steppe, quantified their cultural prominence using standard ethnobotanical indices, and characterized practice regimes through composite practice indicators and multivariate profiling.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between 2024 and 2025 in the M’sila-Bousaâda provinces. Structured interviews with 310 informants recorded sociodemographic data and detailed information on plant use, preparation, and administration. Species were identified using regional floras. Relative frequency of citation (RFC), family importance value (FIV), and plant part value (PPV) were calculated. Four practice indicators were analyzed using latent profile analysis, with principal component analysis for visualization.

Results: Thirty species from 21 families were recorded, with Lamiaceae most represented, followed by Amaryllidaceae, Asteraceae, Myrtaceae, and Zingiberaceae. The most cited species were Lepidium sativum (RFC = 0.152), Peganum harmala (0.103), Olea europaea (0.103), and Thapsia garganica (0.087). The results revealed a preference for the use of leaves (PPV = 0.304) and aerial parts (PPV = 0.266) in the treatment of rheumatic disorders. Leaves and aerial parts predominated. Decoctions and infusions were the main preparation modes, and topical massage was the most common administration route. Three practice regimes were identified, ranging from low-intensity household care to more elaborated and socially mediated use.

Conclusions: The findings provide an updated ethnobotanical baseline related to rheumatic disorder, highlight differentiated modes of therapeutic engagement, and underscore the relevance of a practice-oriented approach in ethnobotanical research.

Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey, medicinal plants, rheumatic disorders, practice regimes, steppe, Algeria

Urban harvest pressures: Bark stripping of African Mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) trees for medicinal use in the Northern Region of Ghana

2026-07-06T11:28:21+00:00

Background: Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A.Juss. (African mahogany) is planted in urban landscapes as an amenity tree but also exploited for medicinal bark. However, little is known about bark stripping pressure and its link to urban tree health. This study was aimed at assessing the extent and intensity of bark-stripping among African mahogany trees in urban spaces and examining associations between bark-stripping, stem burl formation and stem decay.

Methods: Field survey was conducted in three districts (Tamale, Sagnarigu and Tolon) in the northern region of Ghana between 2017 and 2018. Multi-stage sampling together with tree inventory techniques were used to assess tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), presence of bark stripping, stem burls, stem decay, and stripping intensity of bark-stripped trees. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics as well as logistic regression and chi-square tests to assess relationships among variables.

Results: A total of 509 African mahogany trees were assessed across the three districts. Bark-stripping was intensive and widespread (80% of trees). Prevalence was highest in Tolon district compared to the more urbanized Tamale Metropolis. Bark-stripping was a significant predictor of stem burl formation (p < 0.001), which in turn significantly predicted stem decay (p = 0.039). Bark-stripped trees were 26 times more likely to develop stem burls, and trees with stem burls were four times more likely to show stem decay.

Conclusions: Bark-stripping intensity is high among urban African mahogany trees in the Northern Region of Ghana and is associated with burl formation and increased risk of stem decay.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, stem decay, stem burls, tree health, amenity trees

How illness categories shape medicinal plant selection in the Zagros Mountains of western iran: A biocultural perspective on traditional ecological knowledge and ethno-pharmacological evidence

2026-06-13T09:17:57+00:00

Background: Medicinal plant use in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran is closely linked to local understandings of illness, healing, and the environment. Although Ilam Province has been extensively documented floristically, limited attention has been paid to the cultural concepts and ecological knowledge that guide medicinal plant selection and therapeutic decision-making. This study investigated the relationships among emic illness categories, traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), and medicinal plant use in Ilam Province, Iran.

Methods: Between January 2024 and May 2026, ethnobotanical fieldwork was conducted in rural and peri-urban communities across Ilam Province using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 78 knowledgeable informants, including traditional healers and experienced herbal practitioners. A total of 912 use-reports were documented. Emic illness terms were recorded in Lori and Kurdish and analyzed as the primary framework for interpreting therapeutic practices. Eighteen culturally salient medicinal species were selected for detailed phytochemical and pharmacological assessment. To contextualize field observations, a structured literature review guided by PRISMA 2020 principles was undertaken, resulting in the inclusion of 79 relevant publications.

Results: Medicinal plant use was organized around locally recognized illness categories rather than biomedical disease classifications. Gastrointestinal disorders constituted the most important therapeutic domain, with Soozesh-e Mede (stomach burning) accounting for 37.5% of all recorded use-reports. Strong agreement among informants was observed for several illness categories, particularly those associated with digestive, respiratory, wound-healing, and nervous system conditions. Evaluation of the 18 culturally salient species revealed broad agreement between traditional therapeutic applications and published pharmacological evidence. Patterns of medicinal plant selection were further influenced by floristic distribution, habitat availability, and locally transmitted ecological knowledge related to plant collection, preparation, and use.

Conclusions: The findings show that medicinal plant use in Ilam Province is shaped by culturally defined illness concepts and practical ecological knowledge accumulated through experience. The observed agreement between local therapeutic applications and published pharmacological evidence indicates that many commonly used remedies warrant further investigation. At the same time, the continued erosion of traditional knowledge highlights the need to document and preserve local medical traditions in the Zagros region.

Keywords: Cultural salience; Knowledge transmission; Medicinal flora; Pharmacological validation; Traditional healing.

Medicinal plants used for peptic ulcer disease by traditional health practitioners in the Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa

2026-05-29T13:31:49+00:00

Background: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) remains a major health burden, particularly in resource-limited settings where traditional medicines continue to play an important role. This study documented and quantitatively evaluated medicinal plants used by Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) for PUD treatment in the Vhembe District Municipality (VDM), Limpopo Province, South Africa, and assessed variation in plant use across municipalities.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted from February to March 2026 among 60 THPs selected through snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews captured information on diagnosis, medicinal plants used, harvested parts, and preparation methods. Ethnobotanical indices, including ethnobotanicity index (EI), informant consensus factor (ICF), use value index (UVI), and relative frequency of citation (RFC), were calculated. A chi-square test assessed differences in plant use among municipalities (p ≤ 0.05).

Results: A total of 27 species from 20 families were recorded, with Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Combretaceae, and Rhamnaceae as the most represented families. Remedies were primarily prepared as decoctions or infusions from roots and bark, consistent with commonly reported ethnomedicinal practices for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in the region. Most species (75%) were used singly; however, half of the THPs also prepared multi‑plant remedies. While 21 species were listed as Least Concern, the dominance of destructive harvesting methods highlights sustainability risks. Culturally salient species included Annona senegalensis Pers., Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell., Peltophorum africanum Sond., Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. and Cissampelos torulosa E.Mey. ex Harv. A low EI (3.47%) and high ICF (0.827) indicated a focused pharmacopoeia with strong practitioner agreement. No significant differences in plant use were observed across municipalities based on the chi‑Square test (p ≤ 0.05), suggesting shared district‑wide therapeutic knowledge.

Conclusions: Peptic ulcer disease treatment in the VDM relies on a cohesive set of medicinal plants supported by high cultural consensus. Although most species are not currently threatened, reliance on roots and bark underscores the need for sustainable harvesting practices.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Peptic ulcer disease; Medicinal plants, Traditional health practitioners

Ritual ecology and biocultural diversity in the Jolenan tradition of Somongari, Java, Indonesia: An ethnobiological study of ritual flora and fauna

2026-05-26T13:35:26+00:00

Background: Indigenous ritual practices play an important role in maintaining biocultural diversity by embedding ecological knowledge within cultural and spiritual systems. However, many local traditions in Southeast Asia remain underrepresented in ethnobiological studies. This research examines the Jolenan tradition of the Javanese community in Somongari, Indonesia, as a form of ritualized utilization of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge.

Methods: Qualitative ethnographic methods were applied through participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation involving 18 informants. The study focused on identifying plant and animal resources used in ritual offerings (ubarampe) and interpreting their symbolic meanings.

Results: A total of 22 species from 15 families were documented in ritual offerings used in the Jolenan tradition. The findings show that biological resources were selected not only for practical purposes but also for symbolic values related to gratitude, protection, harmony, prosperity, and cosmological balance. Various plant species, agricultural products, and animal-derived materials represent the close relationship between humans, nature, and spirituality. The ritual also functions as a mechanism for transmitting indigenous knowledge and cultural values across generations.

Conclusions: The Jolenan tradition reflects a sophisticated system of ritual ecology in which biodiversity utilization is closely linked to cultural and spiritual values. This study highlights the importance of indigenous ritual practices in supporting biocultural conservation and preserving indigenous knowledge relevant to sustainability discourse.

Keywords: ethnobiology; indigenous knowledge; biodiversity; ritual tradition; jolenan

Ethnoweaving in Sumba Island, Indonesia: Ethnobotanical knowledge and use of natural dye plants

2026-04-11T11:53:42+00:00

Background: Traditional weaving on Sumba Island, Indonesia, represents an important cultural heritage closely linked with the use of natural dyes obtained from local plants. The limited ethnobotanical data of the natural dye plants, their uses, and their supply sustainability pose a high risk to both cultural preservation and forest-based livelihoods.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and plant identification were used to gather ethnobotanical data. 122 informants from six Sumba weaving communities participated in the study. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), and a simplified Functional Redundancy Index (FRI) were used to analyze the data regarding cultural importance, knowledge standardization, and substitution flexibility.

Results: 21 plant species from 14 families were identified and categorized into six functional dye categories. All informants mentioned Indigofera tinctoria L. (blue), Morinda citrifolia L. (red), and Symplocos fasciculata Zoll. (mordant) (RFC=1.00), according to RFC analysis. All three species were found to be fundamental. Informant consensus was consistently high across all categories (ICF>0.982), indicating standardized knowledge transmission. However, functional redundancy values were consistently low (FRI<0.023), indicating concentration of use on few key species and limited culturally recognized substitution.

Conclusions: Sumba's ethnoweaving is a plant-based cultural production system that suggests potential vulnerability due to the limited alternative species but stable due to the presence of key species. The vulnerability is further increased by overexploitation, land conversion, and pressure from synthetic dyes. By integrating a comprehensive ethnobotanical inventory and quantitative structural analysis, the study provides an analytical framework for the sustainability of weaving traditions on Sumba Island and in similar areas.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Ethnoweaving, Natural dyes; Indigofera tinctoria; Morinda citrifolia; Symplocos fasciculata

Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological surveys of Zygophyllum species used in Moroccan traditional medicine

2026-06-04T06:54:05+00:00

Background: Zygophyllum species are widely used in Moroccan traditional medicine, yet comprehensive documentation of their usage patterns across multiple regions remains limited. This ethnobotanical survey aimed to document and analyze the traditional uses, usage modalities, and therapeutic indications of four Zygophyllum species (Zygophyllum gaetulum, Zygophyllum album, Zygophyllum cornutum, and Zygophyllum waterlotii) across six Moroccan regions.

Methods: Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 200 herbalists into Darija throughout five Moroccan regions (Marrakech, Casablanca, Rabat, Fez and Oujda). Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, usage modalities, plant parts employed, preparation methods, administration routes, therapeutic indications, and outcomes. Ethnobotanical indices were calculated, and statistical associations were examined using chi-square tests.

Results: The study revealed a predominance of male respondents (96.0%) aged over 40 years, with cultural heritage (66.5%) as the primary knowledge source. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most cited indications, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (FC = 76) and gastric pain (FC = 70). Dried plant material (95.5%) harvested in spring (91.0%) was preferred, with grinding and infusion as the main preparation methods. Symptomatic relief was reported in 82.7% of cases, with only 5.6% reporting side effects. Plant parts value analysis showed branches as the most utilized part. Statistical associations (p < 0.05) revealed coherent traditional medical logic linking preparation methods, dosage, and treatment duration to therapeutic outcomes.

Conclusions: This study confirms the important role of Zygophyllum species in Moroccan traditional medicine, particularly for gastrointestinal disorders. The findings demonstrate strong concordance with pharmacological evidence and provide a foundation for future clinical and phytochemical investigations.

Keywords: Ethnobotany survey, Zygophyllum, medicinal plants, antidiabetic properties, gastrointestinal disorders, Morocco traditional medicine.

Botanical solutions for gastrointestinal disorders: a quantitative ethnobotanical approach in the Balasore district of Odisha, India

2026-05-29T13:33:15+00:00

Background: The world faces evolving challenges related to gastrointestinal (GI) diseases in the present scenario. In this context, the study highlighted a quantitative ethnomedicinal assessment of plants used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in the Balasore district of Odisha.

Methods: The information was collected through semi-structured interviews with 48 informants to gather the ethnomedicinal data for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Quantitative indices such as Use Value (UV), Family Use Value (FUV) and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) were calculated to determine the most useful plant species and plant family.

Results: The present study documented a total of 104 plant species across 52 families used by indigenous communities to treat various GI diseases. Among the reported plant families, the family Fabaceae is the dominant, with 13 species, followed by the families Rubiaceae and Apocynaceae. Trees are the most dominant growth habit, followed by shrubs and herbs, whereas leaves are frequently used in disease treatment. The UV ranges from 0.12 to 0.93, whereas the RFC values range from 0.77 to 0.04. The UV and RFC are both highest in Aegle marmelos, whereas the FUV indicates that the family Zingiberaceae (0.89) is the most useful.

Conclusions: The findings of this research offer detailed data regarding the diversity of medicinal plant species, their useful parts, mode of preparation, application and medicinal utility of the ethnic communities. Further studies regarding the scientific validation of obtained ethnomedicinal information by phytochemical analysis and detection of pharmacological activities are necessary for scientific authenticity.

Keywords: Gastrointestinal diseases, Ethnomedicine, Use Value, conservation, coastal Odisha, Indigenous Knowledge, Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary

Ethnobotanical study of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants utilized by Tharu Tribe of Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India

2026-05-26T15:21:45+00:00

Background: Uttarakhand is immensely rich in biological diversity. Udham Singh Nagar district, located in the Himalayas of Uttarakhand, is populated by two indigenous tribes- Tharu and Buksa. The Tharu tribe is endowed with ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants used for treating human illnesses. The purpose of the study is to investigate and document the utilization of the ethnomedicinal plants by the tribe.

Methods: An ethnobotanical study was conducted among 21 Tharu villages in Khatima and Sitarganj blocks. In total, 23 traditional healers and knowledgeable informants were interviewed using a semi‑structured questionnaire, and quantitative indices such as Use Value (UV) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) were calculated to evaluate the documented plant use data.

Results: A total of 71 plant species belonging to 40 families were documented as being used by Tharu community. Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, and Malvaceae were the dominant families that accounted for the largest number of medicinal plants. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part for remedy preparation.

Conclusions: The present study emphasizes the significant utilization of medicinal plants by Tharus for the treatment of various ailments. Several earlier studies justified their traditional methods of healing. Additionally, this research also highlights the significance of preserving their traditional knowledge, their heritage and medicinal plants usage. It becomes imperative to carry out studies of pharmacological and biological activities of these plants to scientifically validate the therapeutic potential of these medicinal plants.

Keywords: Tharu community, Traditional knowledge, Ethnomedicinal plants, Ethnobotanical knowledge.

Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants used by rural and peri-urban communities along the bank of River Ganga extending from Katwa to Kalna, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India

2026-01-22T13:27:53+00:00

Background: India, recognized as a mega-diverse country, has been a reservoir of ethnomedicinal knowledge since ancient times. Rural and tribal communities possess a deep understanding of local flora, which they utilize in traditional healing practices. Given the high cost and side effects of conventional medicines, a large section of the population still depends on traditional phytomedicines. The present study aimed to document the indigenous knowledge of ethno-medicinal plants used by the people residing along the banks of the River Ganga in West Bengal, India.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted from May 2024 to April 2025. Data were collected through interviews, field observations, and group discussions with 180 informants. The collected information was analyzed using ethnobotanical indices, including Frequency of Citation (FC), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), and Fidelity Level (FL), to assess the cultural importance and usage consistency of the reported species.

Results: A total of 72 plant species belonging to 32 families were documented, with Fabaceae emerging as the most dominant family. Centella asiatica and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis showed the highest FC and RFC values, while Aloe vera exhibited the highest FL value. The most common ailments treated by these plants included digestive disorders, skin diseases, joint pain, diabetes, cold, cough, fever, and respiratory problems.

Conclusions: The rich ethnobotanical heritage of communities along the Ganga River and provides a valuable inventory of traditional herbal knowledge. Plants with high ethnobotanical index values hold promise as potential sources of novel alternative drugs. Urgent measures are required to conserve these threatened species.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Ethnomedicine, Ailments, Quantitative ethnobotany.

Ethnobotanical survey of the endemic Retama dasycarpa Cross. in the Rabat–Sale–Kenitra region, Morocco

2026-06-18T07:29:55+00:00

Background: Retama dasycarpa, an endemic Moroccan Fabaceae species, plays a significant role in the traditional medicine practices of local communities and herbalists. The present work aims to document the ethnobotanical knowledge related to this species, including its therapeutic uses, the specific plant parts used, as well as preparation methods, and routes of administration. Additionally, it explores herbalists’ perceptions regarding the efficacy and safety of this plant’s use.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire administered to herbalists in the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region. The data collected included the sociodemographic characteristics of the informants, the local vernacular names of this plant, harvesting areas, the parts used, preparation methods, routes of administration, and the diseases treated. Additionally, the study assessed user satisfaction and the potential occurrence of adverse effects associated with the plant’s use.

Results: R. dasycarpa, commonly known as “rtem,” is mainly harvested from the wild and used to address various health issues, including diabetes, digestive disorders, and skin diseases. The most commonly used parts are the whole plant, cladodes, and roots, which are typically prepared as decoctions or infusions.

Conclusions: This study highlights the significance of preserving and promoting traditional ethnobotanical knowledge associated with this species. It also highlights the necessity for additional phytochemical and pharmacological research to scientifically validate its therapeutic properties and evaluate its safety profile.

Keywords: Retama dasycarpa, Ethnobotany survey, Traditional medicine, Herbalists, Rabat-Salé-Kénitra, Therapeutic uses.

Ethnobotany in contemporary science education: Meanings, experiences, and relevance among college learners in the Philippines

2026-07-05T08:57:24+00:00

Background: This study explored the meanings, experiences, and perceived relevance of ethnobotany in contemporary science education among college learners in the Philippines while documenting their ethnobotanical knowledge as supporting evidence. It sought to understand how learners experience ethnobotany, the meanings they assign to it, and its perceived role in science learning.

Methods: A descriptive phenomenological design complemented by ethnobotanical documentation was employed. Twenty-four college learners from a state university in the Philippines participated in semi-structured interviews and completed an ethnobotanical documentation sheet. Interview data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method, while ethnobotanical data were analyzed through frequency of citation (FC) and relative frequency of citation (RFC) to identify commonly recognized plant species and their uses.

Results: Participants documented 38 plant species belonging to 24 botanical families, with Vitex negundo L. (Lagundi), Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Sambong) and Psidium guajava L. (Bayabas) emerging as the most frequently cited species (RFC =1). Family members and elders were identified as the primary sources of ethnobotanical knowledge. Thematic analysis revealed that ethnobotany is experienced as everyday knowledge, learned through family and community interactions, and strengthened through lived experiences. Participants perceived ethnobotany as a bridge between culture and science, a tool for understanding scientific concepts, and a means of preserving indigenous and local knowledge. They also emphasized its value in promoting contextualized learning, environmental awareness, and cultural identity.

Conclusions: Ethnobotany remains relevant in contemporary science education by connecting learners’ cultural experiences with scientific understanding and supporting contextualized, culturally responsive learning. However, its integration into formal science instruction may be constrained by curriculum demands and limited teacher preparation for incorporating indigenous and local knowledge. Addressing these challenges through curriculum support, localized learning resources, and professional development can help promote meaningful integration while preserving valuable local knowledge systems.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Science Education, Indigenous Knowledge, Culturally Responsive Teaching, Ethnoscience

Medicinal plants used traditionally for Urolithiasis management in Tunisia: An ethnobotanical survey

2026-07-04T10:00:04+00:00

Background: Urolithiasis is a major global health concern due to its high recurrence rate and significant impact on patients’ quality of life. Documenting traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is essential for identifying potential alternative therapies. This study aimed to investigate plant-based remedies traditionally used for the treatment of urolithiasis in Tunisia.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among 270 participants using semi-structured questionnaires. Quantitative indices, including Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Use Value (UV), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), were calculated. Sociodemographic characteristics were also analyzed.

Results: Women represented 80% of the survey respondents, while among participants reporting previous experience with urolithiasis, 69.2% were women. Individuals aged 20–40 years (53.8%) constituted the main users of medicinal plants. A total of 27 plant species were identified, with Petroselinum crispum, Ammi visnaga, and Herniaria hirsuta being the most frequently cited. Decoction (36.2%) and infusion were the predominant preparation methods. The ICF value for urolithiasis was 0.95, indicating a strong agreement among informants. Most treatments lasted less than three weeks, and adverse effects were rarely reported.

Conclusions: The findings highlight the richness of ethnobotanical knowledge related to anti-urolithiatic plants in Tunisia. The high ICF values suggest promising candidates for further pharmacological validation. Standardization of preparation methods and clinical investigations are necessary to support their integration into modern therapeutic practices.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants; Urolithiasis; Anti-urolithiatic activity; Traditional knowledge; Herbal medicine

Exploring the ethnomedicinal potential of the wetland flora in Jajpur district, Odisha, Eastern India

2026-05-15T10:46:51+00:00

Background: Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems that provide essential ecological services and sustain diverse flora and fauna. In Odisha, India, wetland plants play a vital role in traditional healthcare, particularly among rural and indigenous communities. Despite their ecological and cultural importance, systematic documentation of the ethnomedicinal uses of wetland flora in Jajpur district has been limited. This study addresses that gap by integrating traditional knowledge with quantitative ethnobotanical analysis to evaluate the cultural significance and therapeutic potential of wetland plants.

Methods: Field surveys were conducted across diverse wetland habitats of Jajpur district between 2023 and 2025. Plant specimens were collected, identified, and preserved following standard herbarium techniques. Ethnomedicinal data were obtained from 239 informants, including traditional healers, farmers, and elderly community members, using semi-structured interviews, free listing, and guided field walks. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices such as Frequency of Citation (FC), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), and Use Value (UV) were applied to assess cultural importance and consensus among informants.

Results: A total of 45 ethnomedicinal plant species belonging to 32 families were documented, with Cynodon dactylon, Bacopa monnieri, Boerhavia diffusa, Centella asiatica, and Tridax procumbens emerging as culturally dominant and therapeutically versatile. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part, and remedies were prepared in the form of juices, pastes, and decoctions to treat common ailments such as fever, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory complaints, and skin infections.

Conclusions: The findings highlight wetlands as vital repositories of traditional medicine and emphasize the need for conservation and ecological monitoring.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine; Wetlands; FC; RFC; Jajpur

Notes on the harvest of Cryptocoryne spiralis rhizomes in South Tamil Nadu

2026-06-23T13:32:51+00:00

Background: Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fisch. ex Wydler, is a helophytic genus of Araceae; its rhizomes have traditionally been used in Southern India as a substitute for Indian Atees (Ativisha), a valued crude drug of Indian medicine. This study documents the harvesting practices of C. spiralis rhizomes from the wild in the Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods: Field surveys were conducted between February and May, 2025, and information was recorded from local people involved in the collection of C. spiralis.

Results: The collectors usually harvest the rhizomes during summer; one group that comprises about 7-10 persons can collect about 75 kg of dried material per season. The produce was marketed to the local mandis, through the middlemen. The collectors received a daily wage of around ₹300 (≈3.15 USD) per person. According to the market trend of May 2025, the cost of dried C. spiralis rhizome was around ₹2,500 (≈26 USD) per kilogram; this cost was about 40% lower than that of A. heterophyllum rhizomes. Increasing demand had led to overharvesting and a reduction in the natural regeneration of the rhizomes.

Conclusion: The study underscores the need for systematic assessments on the local uses, trade, ecological impact, cultivation strategies, and conservation measures to ensure the sustainable utilisation of C. spiralis.

Keywords: Ayurveda; Aconitum heterophyllum; Ativisha; Nattu Athividayam; Siddha

Traditional medicinal uses of Origanum (Lamiaceae) in Turkey

2026-07-06T15:26:55+00:00

Background: The genus Origanum has numerous endemic species distributed in Türkiye, which is one of the main diversity centers. Documenting information on traditional uses is important for the conservation of cultural heritage and biodiversity, especially in genera with high endemism rates.

Methods: In this study, the traditional medicinal uses of Origanum species distributed in Türkiye were investigated through a comprehensive literature review using national and international databases. Ethnobotanical records were compiled from field-based studies, distribution and traditional use data on the species were mapped by provinces, and further ethnobotanical studies are recommended in provinces with high species diversity but limited ethnobotanical records.

Results: A total of 40 ethnobotanical studies reporting medicinal uses of Origanum species were evaluated, and 13 taxa were identified as being used in traditional medicine. It was determined that the aerial parts of Origanum species were most commonly used, prepared as infusions for colds, abdominal pain, and flu. Mersin, Muğla and Manisa were identified as the provinces with the highest number of reported traditional uses. Adana and Hatay were suggested as potential provinces for new studies.

Conclusions: The results demonstrate the importance of documenting traditional knowledge on Origanum species in Türkiye and highlight regions where further ethnobotanical studies are needed. This study provides a useful framework for future ethnobotanical and pharmacological research as well as for biodiversity conservation efforts.

Keywords: Origanum; Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants; Traditional medicine; Türkiye; Endemics; Biodiversity

Traditional uses of native legumes of the Caatinga: an integrative review

2026-06-07T09:44:18+00:00

Background: The Caatinga, an exclusively Brazilian phytogeographic domain, hosts remarkable biodiversity and provides essential resources for local populations, who have historically depended on its flora to meet diverse needs. Among its plant groups, the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) stands out as the most representative, with high nutritional and pharmacological potential. However, knowledge regarding the ethnobotanical uses of native legumes by traditional communities remained scattered across the literature, highlighting the need for integrative synthesis.

Methods: This study consists of an integrative literature review that systematized the ethnobotanical roles of native legumes in the Caatinga. A total of 13 ethnobotanical studies published between 2000 and 2025 were analyzed. Data was collected through searches in Google Scholar, CAPES Journal Portal, and SciELO databases.

Results: The analysis identified 43 useful species distributed across 24 genera. Among these, Amburana cearensis, Stryphnodendron adstringens, and Erythrina velutina were the most frequently cited. The studies revealed the multifunctionality of these species, with uses categorized into eight purposes. Medicinal use was predominant (63.8% of citations), followed by timber/energy, forage, food, and ritual applications.

Conclusions: Native legumes of the Caatinga represent valuable and strategic resources for rural, indigenous, and quilombola communities, contributing to food security, healthcare, energy supply, and the maintenance of cultural and spiritual practices. This review also highlights underrepresented regions in the reviewed literature ethnobotanical knowledge and underscores the urgency of integrating traditional knowledge with biodiversity conservation strategies to ensure sustainable management in the face of increasing extractive pressures.

Keywords: Fabaceae; Ethnobotany; Brazilian semiarid; Traditional knowledge.

Capsicum in the hands of tradition: ethnobotanical knowledge and conservation in Indigenous and Quilombola communities

2026-06-19T07:39:37+00:00

Background: Capsicum peppers are among the oldest domesticated native crops in South America, with their dispersal and usage deeply embedded in the cultural traditions of Indigenous and Quilombola communities. Brazil stands as a significant center of Capsicum diversity, however, ethnobotanical knowledge regarding the relationships between these peppers and the communities that shaped their cultural preeminence remains limited. This study reviews the literature on ethnobotanical knowledge documented in previous studies involving Indigenous and Quilombola communities in Brazil, aiming to elucidate the role of these traditional communities in the diversification and conservation of the Capsicum genus.

Methods: A literature review was conducted using academic databases, compiling ethnobotanical studies and cookbooks to assess the historical and current uses of peppers. Medicinal applications were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), and a Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis was carried out to evaluate ex situ conservation coverage of landraces cultivated by the communities.

Results: The cultural significance of Capsicum is reflected in its diverse uses. We identified 95 traditional Brazilian food recipes incorporating Capsicum fruits, with higher concentration in regions strongly influenced by Indigenous and Quilombola heritage. Medicinal applications were documented across twelve categories of ICD, and transcendental uses are expressive within these communities. There is underrepresentation in ex situ strategies due to bureaucratic barriers that limit research and conservation in Indigenous and Quilombola territories.

Conclusions: The study highlights the need for integrated policies that promote germplasm conservation, valuing traditional knowledge and strengthening community participation in agrobiodiversity preservation, contributing to food security, health care, and the maintenance of cultural traditions in Brazil.

Keywords: Plant genetic resources; traditional knowledge; in situ/on farm conservation; native landraces