Ethnobotany Research and Applications

Floristic diversity of ethnomedicinally important Artemisia species in Pakistan: An extensive overview of their distribution across regions, native status and global conservation concerns

Adil Hussain — 2026-04-14

Background: Pakistan is recognized for its rich diversity of medicinal plants, with the genus Artemisia representing an ecologically and ethnobotanically important component of the flora. This review synthesizes information on distribution of reported Artemisia species across Pakistan with emphasis on their native status and conservation concerns.

Methods: The data for this review was systematically searched across various reputable scientific databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, MEDLINE and ScienceDirect using specific keywords.

Results: Earlier floristic treatments, including the Flora of Pakistan, documented 38 Artemisia species from various regions. The present compilation records a total of 66 species, reflecting a substantial increase in documented diversity from Pakistan. Growth-form analysis shows that herbaceous taxa dominate the genus in Pakistan (34 species), followed by shrubs (15 species). Most species are perennial (48 species), while annuals constitute a smaller fraction (6 species) with a few species exhibiting biennial or mixed life cycles. According to Plants of the World Online (POWO), Artemisia species in Pakistan occur primarily in temperate, subalpine, subtropical and desert habitats indicating broad ecological adaptability across altitudinal and climatic gradients. Of the 66 species recorded, 45 are mentioned as native to Pakistan, whereas the native status of 21 species remains unclear. The Flora of Pakistan and POWO revealed 38 species listed in both but only 31 species are consistently shared, highlighting taxonomic inconsistencies. Conservation assessments are notably limited, with only 13 species (20%) evaluated at the global level.

Conclusion: The increase in reported species from 38 to 66 in Pakistan may reflect improved taxonomic resolution, expand geographic surveys and increased ethnobotanical research and may or may not be an expansion of the genus in Pakistan. To confirm this, future studies should prioritize underexplored regions resolve taxonomic ambiguities and integrate molecular and ecological approaches to better understand the diversity, conservation needs and expansion of the genus Artemisia in Pakistan.

Keywords: Artemisia, Ethnomedicinal significance, Distribution, Habitat, Native status, Global conservation status, Pakistan

The ethnobotany of honey-based plant remedies: A systematic review of Plant–Honey–Human Therapeutic Interactions

Ahmed Ouaamr — 2026-05-07

Background: Honey is widely used in traditional medicine, but often as a carrier and therapeutic matrix for medicinal plants rather than as a standalone agent. Despite the recurrence of these combinations in ethnobotanical literature, their diversity, indications, dosage forms, and level of scientific validation have not been synthesized systematically.

Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we searched Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from database inception to 31 December 2025 for peer-reviewed studies reporting traditional use or experimental/clinical evaluation of remedies combining honey with medicinal plants. Ethnobotanical, experimental, and clinical studies in English or French were eligible. Data were extracted on geography, taxa, plant parts, preparation forms, indications, and level of evidence. Because of heterogeneity, findings were synthesized narratively.

Results: Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. They reported 79 plant species in 42 families, with strongest representation from North Africa and the Middle East and from South and Southeast Asia. Frequently cited taxa included Nigella sativa, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Thymus vulgaris, Curcuma longa, and Eucalyptus globulus. Main dosage forms were powder-honey mixtures, syrups, macerations, and medicinal pastes. Respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal complaints, and wound or skin conditions were the dominant therapeutic categories. More than half of the included studies reported experimental or preclinical support, whereas clinical evidence remained limited.

Conclusions: Honey-based plant remedies may be interpreted as part of a broader biocultural therapeutic framework shaped by the interaction between plant metabolites, honey as a therapeutic matrix, and locally transmitted medical knowledge. Recurrent plant-honey combinations provide priority leads for phytochemical standardization, pharmacological testing, and future clinical evaluation.

Keywords: apitherapy; ethnobotany; ethnopharmacology; honey; medicinal plants; traditional medicine; honey-based plant remedies; systematic review

Traditional medicinal uses, diversity, and conservation status of Malagasy aromatic plants: a review

Henintsoa Jean Baptiste Ramaminirina — 2026-04-03

Background: Madagascar is a global biodiversity hotspot, with high plant endemism. Aromatic plants are crucial for traditional medicine and for economic applications, including essential oils, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. However, habitat loss, overharvesting, and climate change threaten many species, and comprehensive nationwide assessments remain scarce. This study aims to provide an updated synthesis of the diversity, medicinal uses, and conservation status of Malagasy aromatic plants.

Methods: A literature-based review was conducted using 314 scientific and technical references, including peer-reviewed publications, books, theses, and institutional reports. Aromatic species were identified through essential-oil analyses, botanical descriptions, and herbarium records. Taxonomic and ecological information was compiled from the Catalogue of the Plants of Madagascar and conservation data from the IUCN Red List. Traditional medicinal uses were extracted from the CNARP database and quantified using citation frequency indices. Relationships among plant parts, disease categories, and bioclimatic distribution were explored using Correspondence Factor Analysis.

Results: This study documented 1,021 aromatic species across 285 genera and 68 families, on which 70.5% are endemic to Madagascar. Shrubs were dominant with a percentage of 47%. Essential oil composition has been reported for only 34.5% of species. Traditional medicinal uses were recorded for 473 species, commonly used in infectious diseases, digestive disorders, and traumatic injuries. Among the species assessed by the IUCN, nearly 68% fall within threatened categories (Critically Endangered [CR], Endangered [EN], and Vulnerable [VU]), indicating substantial conservation concern. Conclusions: Malagasy aromatic flora is highly diverse, medicinally important, and economically valuable, largely threatened. Ex situ conservation and sustainable cultivation of endemic species can reduce pressure on wild populations while supporting local and national economies. This study provides a critical foundation for integrated strategies in research, conservation, and sustainable utilization of aromatic plants, ensuring their continued contribution to traditional medicine and potential pharmacological innovation.

Conclusions: Malagasy aromatic flora is highly diverse, medicinally important, and economically valuable, largely threatened. Ex situ conservation and sustainable cultivation of endemic species can reduce pressure on wild populations while supporting local and national economies. This study provides a critical foundation for integrated strategies in research, conservation, and sustainable utilization of aromatic plants, ensuring their continued contribution to traditional medicine and potential pharmacological innovation.

Keywords: Madagascar, aromatic plants, diversity, endemism, conservation status, medicinal uses, sustainable management

Ethnobotany and archaeobotany significance of Oriental hackberry (Celtis tournefortii Lam.) in Anatolia: From Neolithic traditions to modern applications

Hakan Demirbağ — 2026-05-10

Background: Oriental hackberry (Celtis tournefortii Lam.) is a scattered tree species that generally exhibits a sparse distribution across various regions of Türkiye. Oriental hackberry is a tree species occurring in the natural flora of Anatolia and has been considered valuable throughout history in terms of nutrition, health, and cultural significance. This review study focuses on the ethnobotanical significance of the Oriental hackberry, which is a vital species particularly in arid and semi-arid areas.

Methods: In this study, archaeobotanical and ethnobotanical information related to Oriental hackberry -an ecologically significant species that lives in scattered form in nature and serves as a bridge between the past and the future- was compiled from printed sources. In addition, some ethnobotanical information obtained from field observations was also included.

Results: Archaeobotanical findings indicate that the fruits of this rare tree have been utilized as a food source in the Anatolian geography since ancient times, a tradition that persists to the present day. It is valued in agricultural areas as a boundary tree between farmland and for its shade. Furthermore, its fruits and leaves are traditionally utilized for medicinal purposes. In certain regions, the tree is accorded special cultural value and is protected with great diligence.

Conclusions: This research aims to compile various folk botanical (ethnobotanical) information about the Oriental hackberry before it is lost.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Archaeobotany, Celtis tournefortii, Oriental hackberry, Anatolia

Taxonomy, traditional uses, phytochemical compounds and pharmacological activities of Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae) complex in Algeria: A review

Benchohra Maamar — 2026-05-01

Background: In Algeria, Juniperus phoenicea L. presents taxonomic problems. This complex has been cited in various works by many Algerian researchers across various disciplines under several names. Notably J. phoenicea L., J. phoenicea L. subsp. phoenicea, J. phoenicea var. turbinata, and J. turbinata Guss. Some of these studies have focused on comparing morphological characteristics to test their variability, while other studies have concentrated on phytochemical and pharmacological activities without considering their variability.

Methods: Information related to the taxonomy, ethnomedicinal, ethnoveterinary, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of the complex J. phoenicea in Algeria was systematically collected using relevant keywords from online databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, Springerlink, PubMed, Scopus, Algerian flora and theses.

Results: J. phoenicea L. considered one of the plant species with numerous biological activities and containing many valuable bioactive compounds, which has generated considerable interest among researchers. Furthermore, it plays an important role in the Algerian population because of its use in traditional human and animal medicine.

Conclusions: Future studies should incorporate genetic and molecular approaches to clarify the taxonomic variability of this complex and ensure accurate species delimitation. Integrating these data with ethnobotanical and phytochemical research is essential to improve the reliability of its biological and traditional use assessments.

Keywords: Red juniper, systematic, ethnobotany, ethnoveterinary, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, Algeria.

Conservation of Tupistra (Tupistra nutans Wall. ex Lindl and T. wattii (C.B. Clarke) Hook.f.) aids its ecology and ethnobotany in Darla, Chhukha, Bhutan

Prabhat Mukhia — 2026-04-22

Background: Tupistra nutans Wall. ex Lindl and T. wattii (C.B. Clarke) Hook.f. are useful species grown wild in Bhutan. Former has now been hailed as a climate-smart species as it grows elsewhere in transition and ruderal areas, needs little effort in cultivation, and has historically been used in rural livelihood. T. nutans have been extensively cultivated, collected, and used to address the current changes, urging timely documentation and conservation.

Methods: Ethnomedicinal plants and the ethnobotany and ecology of T. nutans were assessed following interviews with 78 household members inhabiting Darla, Chhukha, Bhutan.

Results: A linear relationship was observed between planting space and T. nutans inflorescence per year, as Pearson’s bivariate correlation coefficient showed significant values (r = 0.48, p< 0.012). The species is now increasingly cultivated and sustainably managed in forests, resulting in growing uses for its parts in the household economy and primary health care, and supporting the theory of availability. Almost all parts (inflorescence, leaf, root, seed) of T. nutans are useful for ethnomedicine. A total of 83.33% of the population (n = 65) used T. nutans, followed by 59 used Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Karsten and Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

Conclusions: Use value shows that T. nutans can be used as a source of nutrition and a future constituent of traditional medicine. Continued research on commercial cultivation and sustainable utilization of T. nutans should be sustained, as it is considered a potential climate-smart crop to benefit the larger society.

Keywords: Tupistra nutans, ethnomedicinal plant, food, cultivation, climate-smart, Bhutan.

Ethnobotanical knowledge and medicinal plant use in Khenchela Province (Northeastern Algeria)

Hanane Sraoui — 2026-04-03

Background: Alongside the development of modern healthcare systems, medicinal plants continue to play an important role in local therapeutic practices. Their sustained and growing use is largely associated with their therapeutic value and the relatively low risk of undesirable effects. In this context, the documentation of traditional plant-based knowledge is essential to prevent its gradual disappearance and to ensure its continuity over time.

Methods: This ethnobotanical study was conducted to document the medicinal plant species used by inhabitants of the Khenchela region and to record their associated therapeutic uses. Data collection was carried out through structured interviews using 488 questionnaires.

Results: The study recorded 85 medicinal plant species belonging to 39 botanical families. The most cited species was Artemisia herba-alba (RFC = 0.096). Asteraceae was the most represented family (15%), followed by Lamiaceae (14%) and Apiaceae (8%). Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (36%), while decoction was the dominant method of preparation (38%). The majority of reported uses targeted digestive disorders (21%), followed by respiratory and dermatological diseases (12% each).

Conclusions: By providing detailed insight into local medicinal plant practices, this study contributes to the preservation of ethnobotanical knowledge and offers a reliable reference framework for future research in phytochemistry and pharmacology.

Keywords: Ethnobotanical Surveys; Khenchela; Medicinal Plants; Methods of Preparation; Uses.

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used to treat inflammatory conditions in the Sétif Region (Algeria)

Soulef Saoudi — 2026-05-10

Background: Despite significant advances in the pharmaceutical industry, traditional herbal medicine remains a major therapeutic resource in many regions. In Algeria’s Sétif province, medicinal plants are widely used to treat inflammatory diseases. However, specific ethnobotanical knowledge regarding inflammatory conditions in this high-plateau region remains under-documented.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire administered to 107 informants, including herbalists, patients, and regular users of medicinal plants. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, plant species, plant parts used, preparation methods, and treated diseases. Ethnobotanical indices (Relative Frequency of Citation, Family Importance Value, and Informant Consensus Factor) were calculated, and Correspondence Analysis was performed.

Results: A total of 26 medicinal plants from 14 families were documented. Women comprised most users (68.22 %), with the 20–30 years age group most represented (43.9%). Leaves were the most used plant part (34.2%), infusion the predominant preparation method (56.41%), and oral administration the most common route (62.94%). Respiratory disorders were the most frequently treated (24.29%). Origanum vulgare L. ssp. glandulosum had the highest RFC (0.224), while Zingiberaceae exhibited the highest Family Importance Value (FIV = 0.175). The highest ICF was recorded for musculoskeletal conditions (0.878), followed by neurological (0.857) and infectious (0.821) disorders.

Conclusions: This study highlights the enduring importance of herbal medicine in the Sétif region and reveals a rich diversity of plants used for inflammatory conditions. High consensus for musculoskeletal and neurological disorders reflects well-established ethnomedical knowledge. Highly cited species warrant phytochemical and pharmacological validation, providing a baseline for future research and underscoring the need for sustainable harvesting.

Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey, inflammatory diseases, Medicinal plants, Sétif region, Algeria.

Comparative ethnobotanical analysis of medicinal plants in the Western Tien Shan Transboundary Region using an integrated approach: A comparison with the Nurata Range

Zokir Kosimov — 2026-04-18

Background: Mountain ecosystems of Central Asia represent key centers of biological and cultural diversity, yet comparative quantitative assessments of medicinal plant use across ecologically contrasting mountain systems remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the ethnobotanical significance of medicinal plants in the Western Tien Shan transboundary region and compare the results with the Nurata Range using an integrated assessment model.

Methods: Medicinal plant species were selected based on documented traditional use and confirmed occurrence within each region. A total of 185 species from Western Tien Shan and 110 species from Nurata were evaluated using the Ethnobotanical Value Index (EVI), calculated as the mean of five equally weighted parameters: use diversity, chemical richness, plant part diversity, preparation diversity, and additional functional value. Floristic similarity between regions was assessed using the Jaccard similarity coefficient.

Results: Western Tien Shan exhibited higher species richness, while Nurata showed a higher mean EVI value (2.97 vs. 2.32), indicating stronger knowledge concentration. A greater proportion of high-EVI species (≥3.0) was recorded in Nurata, whereas Western Tien Shan displayed a more dispersed distribution across value categories. Jaccard analysis (J = 0.45) revealed moderate similarity, with 91 shared species and substantial regional differentiation.

Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that species richness and ethnobotanical use intensity represent distinct structural dimensions of traditional knowledge systems. The integrated EVI framework provides a quantitative basis for prioritizing medicinal plant species and supports conservation-oriented management strategies in transboundary mountain ecosystems of Central Asia.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants; Western Tien Shan; Nurata Range; Ethnobotanical Value Index (EVI); Transboundary mountain ecosystems; Central Asia; Floristic similarity; Traditional knowledge systems.

Dermocosmetic practices traditionally used by the Agni of Bongouanou (Centre-East, Côte d'Ivoire)

Aka Fernand Kadjo — 2026-04-03

Background: The skin is continuously exposed to biological, physical, and chemical aggressions. Pathogenic agents, ultraviolet radiation, and synthetic substances found in various dermatological, or hygiene products impair its functions and promote skin conditions. The increasing resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics complicates their management, while repeated use of these substances causes adverse effects. This study aims to highlight traditional plants and dermo-cosmetic products among the Agni of Bongouanou.

Methods: A survey was conducted from February to April 2025 on cosmetopoeia using interview and field walk techniques. Citation frequency and the Smith index were used to assess the cultural importance of the resources.

Results: A total of 253 peoples were interviewed, among whom women were predominantly represented. A diversity of 24 plants species was recorded. The Fabaceae family was the most represented with four species. Leaves (50%) are the most recommended parts. Grinding (50%) is the most commonly used method of preparation. Six categories of traditional products were identified. Palm kernel oil (Fc = 98.28% and Sa = 0.787), black soap (Fc = 77.14% and Sa = 0.514%), shea butter (Fc = 94.85% and Sa = 0.548), and palm oil (Fc = 93.99% and Sa = 0.378) are the traditional products most cited by the knowledgeable informants.

Conclusions: The results obtained constitute a database for research in pharmacognosy, pharmacology, and toxicology to propose an improved traditional plant product against skin conditions and skin aging for the population.

Keywords: Agni, Bongouanou, Ivory Coast, Plants, Dermo-cosmetic practices

Taxonomic diversity and ethnobotanical importance of adventive medicinal plants in the urban flora of Andijan city (Uzbekistan)

N.M. Sidikjanov — 2026-04-20

Background: Urban ecosystems are characterized by intensive anthropogenic transformation that facilitates the spread of adventive plant species. Many of these species possess medicinal properties and are widely used in traditional ethnobotanical practices. However, the taxonomic diversity and ethnobotanical importance of adventive medicinal plants in urban flora remain insufficiently studied in many regions, including Uzbekistan.

Methods: Floristic surveys were conducted in different urban habitats of Andijan city (Uzbekistan) during the vegetation seasons of 2019–2023 using route (transect) methods. Plant identification was carried out based on regional floristic literature and herbarium materials. Ethnobotanical information on medicinal plant use was compiled from published scientific and ethnobotanical sources.

Results: A total of 66 medicinal plant species belonging to 61 genera and 22 families were recorded in the urban flora of Andijan city. The taxonomic spectrum showed that the majority of species belong to the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, and Polygonaceae, which represent the dominant medicinal plant groups in the urban environment. Ethnobotanical analysis revealed that many species are traditionally used for treating digestive, respiratory, inflammatory, and skin-related diseases. However, medicinal plants growing in urban environments may accumulate heavy metals and other anthropogenic pollutants originating from transport emissions, industrial activities and contaminated soils. Therefore, the safety of medicinal plants collected from urban habitats should be carefully evaluated before their use in traditional medicine.

Conclusions: The results highlight the ecological and ethnobotanical importance of adventive medicinal plants as a significant component of urban biodiversity. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of adventive species in urban ecosystems and emphasize the need to consider ecological safety when using medicinal plants collected from urban environments.

Keywords: Alien plants; Urban ecosystems; Traditional medicine; Floristic diversity; Anthropogenic habitats; Uzbekistan

Ethnomedical practices and the dynamics of local Knowledge: participatory survey among populations in the Fez Meknes region

Meryem Doubi — 2026-05-07

Background: Medicinal and aromatic plants are essential for therapeutic, food, and cosmetic uses. Objectives: to promote local knowledge and document floral diversity and ethnobotanical practices.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey (March 2024–March 2025) was conducted among 406 participants in Fez-Meknes Region, Morocco. The data, obtained from semi-open interviews on therapeutic, dietary, and cosmetic practices, were used to calculate Family Use Value (FUV), Use Value (UV), Plant Part Value (PPV), and Informant Agreement Ratio (IAR). Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) explored the links between plant use and sociodemographic characteristics.

Results: 123 species belonging to 55 botanical families were enumerated, The Lamiaceae family (FUV=0.154) was found to be the most represented, while Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. (UV=0.57) was the most recommended species. Maceration is the most common method of preparation (63.87%). Leaves are the most commonly used part (PPV=0.78). Painful and inflammatory conditions were the most frequently cited category (IAR=0.96).

Conclusions: Present study highlights the richness of flora and traditional knowledge, and the importance of phytochemical and pharmacological research in scientifically validating therapeutic, dietary, and cosmetic uses.

Keywords: Ethnopharmacology, Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants, Use value/IAR.

Plant biodiversity and ethnomedicinal practices for female reproductive health in Ganjam (Odisha) and Northern Andhra Pradesh, India

Priyanka Patra — 2026-04-19

Background: Traditional medicinal plants are central to female reproductive healthcare among rural and coastal communities of Ganjam (Odisha) and northern Andhra Pradesh, India. Indigenous knowledge integrates biodiversity with culturally embedded practices to manage infertility, menstrual irregularities, hormonal imbalance, uterine disorders, and menopausal symptoms.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey (December 2024–October 2025) was conducted across Berhampur, Gopalpur, Rambha, Purushottampur, Digapahandi, Nuapada, and Ichchapuram. Data were gathered from 105 informants—including traditional healers, midwives, women SHG members, farmers, fisherfolk, and herbal vendors—using semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and guided field walks. Plant specimens were taxonomically authenticated and voucher samples deposited in a recognised herbarium. Quantitative indices (IP, IR, UR, UV, RFC, CI, FL, and FUV) were calculated to assess species importance and community consensus.

Results: Fifty medicinal plant species belonging to 34 families were recorded, with Fabaceae most represented. High-use species included Cinnamomum verum (UV = 0.990; RFC = 0.961), Trigonella foenum-graecum (UV = 0.980; RFC = 0.952), Asparagus racemosus (UV = 0.952; RFC = 0.923), Hemidesmus indicus (UV = 0.971), and Withania somnifera (UV = 0.961). Preparations comprised decoctions, powders, ghritas, lehyas, oils, and fermented formulations, often administered with milk, ghee, or honey. Reported activities included ovulation induction, insulin-sensitising effects (PCOS adjunct), anti-androgenic and antioxidant actions, uterine tonicity, anti-inflammatory effects, and endocrine modulation.

Conclusions: Quantitative ethnobotanical evidence supports the scientific plausibility of multi-targeted plant-based therapies for female reproductive health and highlights priority species for further phytochemical and clinical validation, alongside urgent biodiversity conservation efforts.

Keywords: Female reproductive health; ethnobotany; fertility; PCOS; coastal Odisha; phytotherapy; traditional medicine; biodiversity conservation.

An ethnobotanical study of wild plant resources used among locals of high mountainous regions of Swat Valley, Pakistan

Shujat Ali — 2026-04-01

Background: Local communities in Swat District, Pakistan, possess rich ethnobotanical knowledge of plant resources, developed through long-term interaction with their mountainous environment. This study aimed to document ethnobotanical practices, evaluate socio-cultural factors influencing knowledge retention and transmission, and identify plant species of high medicinal and cultural significance.

Methods: Data were collected between 2018 and 2022 from 300 informants aged 20–90 years across seven Tehsils using structured and semi-structured interviews and group discussions. Quantitative indices including Use Value (UV), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Fidelity Level (FL), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) were applied to assess plant significance. Statistical analyses such as chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and one-way ANOVA examined relationships between knowledge and socio-demographic variables.

Results: The present study documented 234 plant species from 74 families. Dominant families were Poaceae (20%), Rosaceae (9%), Fabaceae (7%), Asteraceae (5%), and Brassicaceae (3%). Plants were mainly used for fodder (52%), medicine (42%), and fuelwood (25%). Leaves (42%) and fruits (19%) were the most utilized parts. Taxus wallichiana ranked highest (RFC = 0.60, UV = 0.90, FL = 100%), followed by Punica granatum and Ricinus communis. ICF values (0.92–0.98) indicated strong informant consensus. Knowledge varied significantly with gender, age, occupation, and ethnicity (p < 0.001), with a strong positive correlation between age and traditional knowledge (ρ = 0.60, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Indigenous knowledge remains vital for healthcare and livelihoods but faces threats from modernization. Community-based conservation is essential to protect biodiversity and ethnobotanical heritage.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Traditional medicine, Plant-use patterns, High-altitude flora, Swat Valley, Pakistan, Socio-cultural influences, Conservation strategies, Use Value, Relative Frequency of Citation, Medicinal plants, Sustainable utilization

Integrating ethnobotany and quantitative methods: A bibliometric analysis of statistical, mathematical, and data science approaches (2016–2025)

Syella Zignora Limba — 2026-05-01

Background: The application of quantitative methods, including statistics, mathematics, and data science, in ethnobotanical research represents an emerging interdisciplinary frontier. While many bibliometric studies focus on specific medicinal plants, the overall methodological evolution of computational tools within ethnobotany remains largely unexplored. This study addresses this gap by analyzing the integration of machine learning, multivariate statistics, and network analysis into ethnobotanical research.

Methods: A structured bibliometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database (2016–2025), following PRISMA guidelines. The search targeted titles, abstracts, and keywords linking ethnobotanical concepts with quantitative approaches. A total of 1,275 documents from 337 sources were analyzed using VOSviewer, applying fractional counting and cluster validation to examine publication trends, collaborations, and thematic evolution.

Results: The findings show an annual growth rate of 12.05%, increasing from 83 publications in 2016 to 231 in 2025. Polynomial regression indicates an accelerating trend. The results reveal a shift from descriptive approaches toward algorithm-based methodologies, supported by strong international collaboration (30.43%) and dominant contributions from countries such as India and China.

Conclusions: The integration of data science is transforming ethnobotany into a predictive discipline. This development supports evidence-based validation of traditional knowledge and improves bioprospecting. Future research should focus on developing a unified Computational Ethnobotany Ontology to support large-scale data integration.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Quantitative Methods; Statistics; Data Science; Bibliometrics; Traditional Knowledge; Machine Learning; Network Pharmacology

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used for Rheumatoid Arthritis treatment in the Sikkim Himalaya, India

Aita Rani Subba Limboo — 2026-04-14

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that significantly impairs quality of life and currently lacks fully effective conventional treatments without side effects. Traditional medicinal plants offer promising alternative or complementary therapeutic options, particularly among indigenous populations with rich ethnobotanical knowledge.

Methods: This ethnobotanical study documents the use of medicinal plants for RA management by inhabitants of the Sikkim Himalaya, India, an ecologically diverse and culturally unique region. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires administered to 87 informants, including traditional healers and knowledgeable villagers across all four districts of Sikkim, encompassing a broad altitudinal gradient.

Results: A total of 33 plant species representing 24 families and 28 genera were identified as important for RA treatment. Notably, Equisetum diffusum exhibited the highest relative frequency of citation (RFC = 0.138), underscoring its therapeutic significance in this region. The predominant plant parts utilized were rhizomes and barks, with traditional remedies most commonly administered topically to affected joints, supplemented by oral applications in selected cases. Ethnomedicinal uses align with existing pharmacological evidence demonstrating anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of several documented species.

Conclusions: This study contributes valuable baseline data for future pharmacological validation, conservation policymaking, and integration of traditional knowledge into sustainable RA management strategies.

Keywords: Ethno-medicine, Ethno-botanical survey, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sikkim Himalaya, Traditional medicine

Initial introduction of selected promising foreign medicinal species for establishing a collection of essential-oil plants

Dilovar T. Khamraeva — 2026-04-01

Background: The article presents the results of the initial introduction of several promising foreign medicinal plants aimed at establishing a collection of essential-oil species at the Tashkent Botanical Garden. The obtained data can be used to expand the assortment of medicinal and essential-oil plants, as well as to develop specialized collections and implement new crops in agricultural practice.

Methods: Phenological observations and biometric measurements (Shulz 1981) were carried out throughout the growing season of essential-oil plants in 2025. Following the traditional methodology of phenological observations (Methodology… 1975), the dates of the following phenological phases were recorded: onset of vegetation, beginning of budding, flowering period, fruit ripening, and end of the growing season.

Results: Under the agrocenosis conditions of the Botanical Garden, the introduced species (Agastache scrophulariifolia, Dracocephalum moldavica, Hyssopus ambiguus, Leonurus cardiaca, Monarda citriodora, Nigella damascena, Origanum laevigatum, Salvia deserta, Scutellaria albida subsp. colchica, Scutellaria altissima) reached the flowering and fruiting phases during their first year of vegetation. For Salvia hispanica, flowering was observed in the second half of October; however, due to a sharp temperature drop, flowering and seed formation were interrupted, and viable seeds were not obtained. In Scutellaria albida subsp. colchica, Scutellaria altissima, and Nigella damascena, self-seeding and rapid transition to generative stages were recorded, indicating their successful adaptation to the introduction conditions. Analysis of flowering times showed a shift compared to their natural habitats, with the introduced species being classified into five groups based on the onset of flowering.

Conclusion: The introduced species (Hyssopus ambiguus, Origanum laevigatum, Agastache scrophulariifolia, Leonurus cardiaca, Monarda citriodora, Dracocephalum moldavica, Scutellaria albida subsp. colchica, Scutellaria altissima, Salvia deserta, and Nigella damascena) of alien flora successfully completed a full ontogenetic cycle and produced viable seeds during their first year of vegetation under the conditions of the Botanical Garden. Salvia hispanica is characterized by genetically determined short-day flowering without photoperiodic variability and, considering the successful seed formation in the subtropical zone of Uzbekistan, can be recommended for cultivation in the Surkhandarya region. Scutellaria albida subsp. colchica, Scutellaria altissima, and Nigella damascena successfully regenerate through self-seeding and partially proceed to generative development, indicating their good adaptation to the new growth conditions.

Keywords: adaptation, creation of collections, essential oil plants, foreign species, introduction, medicinal plants, phenology.

Ethnomedicinal plants used by indigenous communities in Malakand District, Northern Pakistan

Hazrat Ali — 2026-04-03

Background: Plants have been an integral part of human history as a source of traditional medicines. In spite of their extensive usage, ethnomedicinal plants (EMPs) of Malakand District, which is well-known for its floristic diversity, has yet to be explored. This research documented the EMPs employed by local communities to conserve indigenous knowledge and recognize plant species having therapeutic values.

Methods: Field surveys were carried out at different locations of District Malakand during the summer and spring seasons of 2018-2019. Data on the EMPs were collected through interviews with 220 local informants using semi-structured questionnaires and open group discussion. Different ethnobotanical indices like informant consensus factor (ICF), fidelity level (FL), relative frequency of citation (RFC), consensus index (CI) and use values (UVs) were used for quantitative analysis of ethnomedicinal data.

Results: In this study, 74 ethnomedicinal plant species, representing 65 genera and 42 families were reported. The predominant plant families included Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Apocynaceae, and Solanaceae. Based on the growth habits, herbs were the frequently used life form representing 38 species. Most of the EMPs were employed in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (38 species), skin disorders (23 species), and as analgesics (22 species). Leaves were the frequently used part, with pastes being the usual preparation method and oral route being the principal method of administration. The highest ICF values were found for wounds/cuts (0.65) and diabetes (0.63). Mentha longifolia and Justicia adhatoda had the highest FL values, while Dodonaea viscosa, Berberis lycium, and Calotropis procera exhibited the highest values for RFC, CI, and UV.

Conclusions: The findings highlight a diverse ethnomedicinal heritage of Malakand and offers significant pharmacological potential of EMPs for future studies.

Keywords: Medicinal flora; indigenous uses; quantitative indices; Malakand; Pakistan

Indigenous medicinal plant knowledge of the Santal ethnic group in Rajshahi and Chapainawabganj Districts of Bangladesh

Najmun Naher — 2026-05-07

Background: The Santal community is one of the largest indigenous groups in Bangladesh and has a long history of using plants to treat different illnesses. The main objective of the study was to record the medicinal plants used by the Santal people of the Rajshahi and Chapainawabganj districts of Bangladesh. Systemic documentation aims to preserve indigenous knowledge and support health promotion and disease prevention.

Methods: Information was collected through interviews with local healers and community members.

Results: In total, 61 plant species from 39 families were identified to cure 49 diseases. Leaves were found to be most frequently used part owing to 54.38%, followed by roots, barks, stems, fruits, and flowers. These plants are used to treat common problems like diarrhea dysentery, stomach pain, jaundice, cold and cough, skin infections, and women’s health issues. The study shows that the Santal people have valuable knowledge about local plants.

Conclusions: However, this traditional knowledge is slowly disappearing because of modern lifestyle changes and a lack of interest among younger people. This research highlights the importance of protecting both the plants and the traditional knowledge for future generations.

Keywords: Santal community, ethnomedicinal plants, traditional knowledge, Rajshahi, Chapainawabganj

Traditional knowledge on the plant ingredients of an indigenous herbal dish from Beni Haoua region, northern Algeria

Abdelaziz Merouane — 2026-04-01

Background: The coastal Mediterranean region of Beni Haoua, located in Chlef province, north Algeria, is recognized with rich culinary heritage exploring wild and cultivated plant resources, but not sufficiently documented. This research is undertaken to inventory and document the indigenous knowledge of a unique local herbal dish from the region named Khobbiz/Lahchich.

Methods: Ethnoculinary data were collected through survey with 52 autochthonous women from the region of Beni Haoua. Relative frequency of citation (RFC), growth habits, growth status, plant parts used, and preparation method were documented, alongside cultural practices related to the traditional dish.

Results: The indigenous herbal dish is prepared from 14 edible plant species, predominantly wild taxa (64.3%), while cultivated herbs account for 35.7%. These species belong to nine botanical families, with Asteraceae being the most represented (28.57%), followed by Apiaceae and Amaryllidaceae (14.28% each). Most edible plants exhibit a herbaceous growth habit (92.9%), whereas trees represent only 7.1%. Leaves constitute the principal plant part used (68.8%), granting the characteristic green color to the dish. They are followed by bulbs (12.5%), oil, fruits, and seeds (6.2% each). Traditional knowledge also highlights a specific method for preparing olive oil and barley-derived products incorporated into the Khobbiz/Lahchich dish.

Conclusions: This study revealed a specific traditional dish made totally from vegetarian ingredients in Beni Haoua region. This dish merits valorization by phytochemical and nutritional investigations to unravel their characteristics and therapeutic properties.

Keywords: Wild edible plants; Culinary tradition; Mediterranean diet; Beni Haoua; Chlef province.

Tracing non-timber forest products in Central-Western Brazil: an ethnobotanical and bioeconomic synthesis for Mato Grosso

Maria Corette Pasa — 2026-04-27

Background: Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are important for food security, household health care, cultural continuity, and supplementary income in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Despite this relevance, the state still lacks an integrated overview linking ethnobotanical diversity, spatial distribution, and traceability needs to support public policy and bioeconomy strategies.

Methods: This study conducted a structured literature review combined with bibliometric and spatial analyses of NTFPs reported in Mato Grosso, Brazil, between 2000 and 2020. An initial set of 203 references was screened, and 127 validated scientific documents were retained. The records were taxonomically standardized and spatially analyzed in QGIS.

Results: The review yielded 850 raw ethnobotanical records, standardized into 533 valid species from 94 botanical families and 2,199 reported uses. Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Asteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae were the most represented families, while food and medicinal uses were the most frequent categories. Records were concentrated in 47 municipalities, revealing strong spatial asymmetry and major knowledge gaps.

Conclusions: By integrating taxonomic, cultural, and geographic information, this study provides a baseline for improving traceability, supporting sustainable forest management, and informing public policy and regional bioeconomy planning of state.

Keywords: ethnobotany; bioeconomy; non-timber forest products; traceability; traditional ecological knowledge

Evaluation of the ethnobotanical importance of Chromolana odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. and Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze, two invasive alien plant species in southern and central Benin

Gorgias Aikpon — 2026-04-23

Background: Traditional medicinal knowledge remains a major source of healthcare for rural communities in developing countries. Chromolaena odorata and Mesosphaerum suaveolens, native to tropical America and invasive in Africa and Asia, are widely used in traditional medicine despite their ecological impacts. This study documents and compares the ethnobotanical uses, preparation methods, and cultural importance of these two invasive species.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among 196 respondents selected using purposive sampling in rural communities of central and southern Benin. Data were collected from May to July 2025 using structured questionnaires to document uses, use categories, local names, plant parts, and preparation methods of both species. Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Use Value (UV) indices were calculated to assess species importance. Associations between sociocultural groups and use categories were analysed using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, and Correspondence Analysis.

Results: Twelve distinct vernacular names were identified for both species combined, five for C. odorata and seven for M. suaveolens, reflecting sociocultural variability in their designation. Three main categories of use were identified: medicinal, veterinary, and repellent. Among the different use categories, medicinal use was the most frequently cited for C. odorata (RFC = 55.6%) and M. suaveolens (RFC = 57.6%). Repellent use was markedly higher for M. suaveolens (RFC = 49.4%) than for C. odorata (RFC = 12.2%), while veterinary use remained limited for both species (RFC ≈ 11%). Leaves were the most used plant part, and preparation methods mainly included decoction, infusion, trituration, and inhalation. Statistical analyses revealed significant associations between sociocultural groups and use categories (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: These findings highlight the widespread use of both species in traditional healthcare practices despite their invasive status. The reported uses of C. odorata and M. suaveolens highlight their potential relevance for the development of plant-based pest management strategies and emphasize the importance of documenting local ethnobotanical knowledge.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Chromolaena odorata, Mesosphaerum suaveolens, traditional medicine, medicinal plants, indigenous knowledge.

Quantitative assessment of ethnomedicinal plants utilized by the Eastern Himalayan tea garden workers, India

Deepika Chettri — 2026-04-11

Background: The Eastern Himalaya is rich in diverse flora and is home to indigenous communities. The present study was undertaken to document the understudied traditional medicinal wisdom of tea garden workers in the Eastern Himalayas, India.

Methods: Ethnomedicinal surveys and interviews were conducted between 2019 and 2024, involving 127 informants (92 male and 35 female) aged 20–90 years. Data analysis utilised quantitative indices, statistical tools, and the Jaccard index (JI) and Rehman’s Similarity Index (RSI).

Results: Informants reported 193 ethnomedicinal plants used to treat 15 disease categories. Leaves represented the most commonly utilised plant part and were generally prepared as decoctions. The highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) was associated with bone-related disorders (0.65). Ocimum tenuiflorum demonstrated the highest Use Value (UV) at 0.078. Among the documented plants, 84 showed 100% Fidelity Level (FL), indicating exclusive use; Ocimum tenuiflorum had the lowest FL (7.14%), indicating versatile use.

Conclusions: The plants with high Use Value and Fidelity Level can be subjected to further pharmacological studies to validate ethnomedicinal knowledge of the tea garden workers of the Eastern Himalaya.

Keywords: Quantitative study, ethnomedicines, tea garden workers, indigenous community, Eastern Himalaya

A socio-ecological analysis of Mikania micrantha management in eastern Nepal: perceptions, practices, and programs at local level

Satyam Kumar Chaudhari — 2026-05-01

Background: Invasive alien species threaten biodiversity, ecosystem services, and forest-dependent livelihoods, yet integrated socio-ecological management approaches remain limited. We combined local ecological knowledge (LEK) with field experimentation to evaluate and manage the invasive vine Mikania micrantha in eastern Nepal’s lowland forests, to develop a scalable, community-led control model.

Methods: We employed a socio-ecological design integrating household surveys (n=129) across seven Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) with a 15-month (October 2020 to December 2021) randomized block experiment testing three mechanical treatments (slashing, uprooting, burning) against an untreated control across 96 plots (1-m²). Ordinal logistic regression identified sociodemographic drivers of perceived invasiveness and livelihood impacts. Vegetation monitoring assessed treatment efficacy and native species recovery, and labor inputs were used to estimate management costs.

Results: Our study revealed that 94.6% of respondents were aware of the species, and 57.4% reported high livelihood impacts. Occupation emerged as the strongest predictor of perceived spread and livelihood effects, with laborers and office workers reporting significantly higher perceived impacts (p < 0.01). The ethnobotanical survey showed widespread usage (93.7%), mainly used for feeding livestock (fidelity level = 71.3%), followed by bedding material (13.2%), medicinal uses (6.2%), and manure (3.1%). The use of mechanical control measures led to an increase in the number of native species (p < 0.001), which more than doubled within one year, while M. micrantha cover decreased by 57% due to uprooting. However, management costs varied substantially (USD 176-425/ha). Crucially, the community-preferred method (uprooting; 46% perceived efficacy) aligned with experimental evidence of maximum effectiveness, validating LEK as a reliable guide for intervention design.

Conclusions: Combining LEK with experimental verification provides an approachable way for community-driven management. A zonation approach involves zoning of areas where slashing is cost-effective in outer zones, along with focused uprooting efforts in zones with rich biodiversity, which can result in ecological restoration while being financially manageable by forest-dependent communities.

Keywords: Ecological Knowledge, Invasive Alien Species, Mechanical management, Uprooting, Cost Efficiency

Climate change and local medical systems: future availability of medicinal plants for the treatment of climate-sensitive diseases

Eric Bem dos Santos — 2026-05-10

Background: Climate change has intensified the incidence of climate-sensitive diseases (CSD) while simultaneously altering the availability of medicinal plant resources, with potential consequences for human health and the functioning of local medical systems (LMS), particularly in semiarid regions.

Methods: Species distribution models were developed for 83 woody medicinal plant species using occurrence records from GBIF and bioclimatic variables from WorldClim. Projections were generated for the year 2100 under current climatic conditions and three future scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5) to assess changes in the availability of medicinal resources used in the treatment of dengue, chikungunya, zika, malaria, leishmaniasis, and yellow fever.

Results: Most species exhibited a contraction of suitable areas under future climate scenarios, with 68.7% showing consistent reductions across all projections. Losses were more pronounced among species associated with higher therapeutic diversity, and overall species richness declined markedly under the most extreme scenario (RCP 8.5).

Conclusions: Projected climate change is likely to reduce the availability of medicinal plant resources in the semiarid region, increasing the vulnerability of local medical systems by limiting therapeutic options for the treatment of climate-sensitive diseases.

Keywords: Arboviral diseases; Caatinga; Semiarid; Species distribution modeling

Traditional medicinal plant knowledge under anthropogenic pressure: evidence from the Middle Syrdarya botanical-geographical district, Uzbekistan

Zokir Kosimov — 2026-04-18

Background: Strong anthropogenic transformation in semi-arid regions substantially alters native vegetation and threatens traditional medicinal plant knowledge. The Middle Syrdarya botanical-geographical district represents one of the most intensively modified landscapes in Central Asia, where natural ecosystems have largely been replaced by agroecosystems. Integrated assessments are therefore required to evaluate medicinal plant diversity, adventive components, and the persistence of ethnobotanical knowledge under such conditions.

Methods: Field surveys were conducted between 2021 and 2025 across major landscape types of the Middle Syrdarya region. Medicinal plant species were recorded using floristic inventories, herbarium collections, and semi-structured interviews with local informants. Taxonomic composition, functional use categories, and adventive status were analyzed. The proportion of adventive species was applied as an indicator of floristic transformation, and functional traits were evaluated to assess ecosystem-related services of medicinal plants.

Results: A total of 245 medicinal plant species belonging to 158 genera and 47 families were documented. Asteraceae (49 species), Fabaceae (19), and Lamiaceae (17) were the most species-rich families. Fifty-six species (22.9%) were identified as adventive, indicating pronounced anthropogenic influence on regional flora. Adventive representation was highest in Solanaceae (71.4%) and Malvaceae (54.5%), while no adventive medicinal species were recorded in Polygonaceae. Functional analysis revealed dominance of weed and melliferous species, suggesting that medicinal resources are increasingly derived from secondary and agroecosystems. Traditional knowledge was found to be reorganized around ecologically plastic and widespread species, whereas narrowly adapted aboriginal taxa are gradually disappearing from local practice.

Conclusions: The high proportion of adventive medicinal plants reflects reduced ecosystem stability and ongoing floristic restructuring in the Middle Syrdarya region. Medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge act as sensitive bioindicators of anthropogenic transformation. These findings provide a scientific basis for monitoring, conservation prioritization, and sustainable management of medicinal plant resources in transformed semi-arid landscapes.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; medicinal plants; anthropogenic transformation; adventive species; traditional knowledge; ecosystem resilience; land-use change; Middle Syrdarya region; Uzbekistan

Ethnobotany in science education: A pathway for biology teachers to engage with climate change and local knowledge

Fernanda Melo Gomes — 2026-04-11

Background: Ethnobotany is an essential science for biocultural conservation and climate resilience, helping explain human-plant relationships in socio-ecological contexts. However, integrating Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) and climate change into science education remains challenging in schools serving traditional and socially vulnerable communities, due to curricular rigidity, limited resources, and disconnection between curricula and local realities. This study investigates how Brazilian Biology teachers navigate these barriers in their pedagogical practices.

Methods: Using mixed methods, we conducted semi-structured questionnaires and interviews with Biology teachers from eight public schools across Brazil's North, Northeast, and South regions, selected for socio-environmental vulnerability and proximity to traditional communities. Analysis included thematic coding, descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlations (ethnobotany inclusion × teacher self-efficacy), and Fisher's exact test for regional Didactic Sequences (DS) adoption patterns.

Results: While 92% of teachers acknowledge ethnobotany's relevance, implementation revealed structural gaps. Curricula prioritized curriculum-based botanical content (morphology: 64%; reproduction: 55%) over LEK-related themes (medicinal plants: 36%; Unconventional Food Plants: 27%). Climate change education relied predominantly on expository methods (78%), with place-based strategies being marginal. DS adoption was low, with no significant regional association (p = 0.776). Three barriers were identified: 1) disconnection between curricula and community knowledge, 2) lack of contextualized materials, and 3) structural constraints in teacher training.

Conclusions: Despite barriers, pedagogical resilience emerged through school gardens, community-based projects, and locally adapted DS. We recommend co-developing materials with communities strengthening teacher training through intercultural and place-based approaches and building collaborative networks between schools and universities to embed ethnobotany and climate justice within science curricula.

Keywords: Brazil; Biology teaching; Climate crisis; Local Ecological Knowledge, Vulnerable communities

Plants in Caucasian ritual bread traditions: An ethnobotanical and etymological study

Lela Chotalishvili — 2026-04-06

Background: The Caucasus maintains rich ethnobotanical traditions where plants play central roles in religious and ritual practices. In recent decades, however, much of this traditional knowledge has been lost. While medicinal and food plants have been studied, the ritual significance of plants in food preparation and etymological connections between vernacular plant names and ancient religious practices remain unexplored. This study examines plant use in ritual bread traditions across three Caucasian regions.

Methods: The research is based on semi-structured interviews and participant observation conducted in 2024-2025 in three geographical regions of the Caucasus: Svaneti, the Pankisi Gorge, and the Adjara-Kobuleti region. Plants mentioned by informants were identified in collaboration with local populations, linguists, and botanical experts. Etymological analysis was conducted using comparative-linguistic methods and published etymological dictionaries.

Results: Three ritual bread traditions were documented: Svan kut-lemzir, Kist ch'aabilg, and Adjaran sisamiani khach'ap'uri. In these traditions, plants serve not only as culinary ingredients for fermentation and aromatization but also as essential ritual elements. The study focuses on three plants − kut-k'vakh (Plantago major L., Plantago lanceolata L.), kho (Humulus lupulus L.), and sisami (Nigella sativa L.) − revealing how botanical knowledge, linguistic terms, and ritual practice are connected. Their vernacular names reflect Proto-Iranian, pre-Greek, and Kartvelian roots associated with ancient religious practices.

Conclusions: Ritual bread-baking traditions remain vibrant − families continue to pass down both the practical techniques and the ritual knowledge. Plant names carry cultural memory of pre-Christian practices and cross-cultural contact. Documenting these traditions helps preserve cultural heritage and the diversity of local plant uses. Future research should expand to other Caucasian regions.

Keywords: Caucasus, ethnobotany, ritual bread, traditional knowledge, plant name etymology.

Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used by the Rajapur Saraswat Community of Dakshina Kannada, the Western Ghats of India

Anadka Yogeesha — 2026-05-10

Background: The indigenous Rajapur Saraswat community in Dakshina Kannada district uses variety of herbal remedies to manage their primary healthcare needs. A large number of modern synthetic drugs are also available to serve the purpose, but they are often associated with severe side-effects. There are no previous reports on the documentation of ethno-medicinal information of this community.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey of the Rajapur Saraswat community was conducted from 2023 to 2025 in the rural areas of Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state, India. A total of 29 traditional practitioners were interviewed through semi-structured, open-ended discussions using a questionnaire. The gathered data was analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods, and quantitative tools such as use value (UV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), and informant consensus factor (ICF).

Results: In total, 99 plant species belonging to 41 families were reported to have medicinal value and were used by the local community across the studied sites. The Fabaceae family was the most dominant family in terms of species diversity (7 species), followed by Lamiaceae (6 species), Apocyanaceae, Malvaceae, Phyllanthaceae and Rutaceae (5 species each), Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae and Rubiaceae (4 species each), Acanthaceae, Apiaceae and Combretaceae (3 species each). The plant species that have exhibited the highest RFC values are Curcuma longa (0.62), followed by Tinospora cordifolia and Piper nigrum (0.52 each), Aristolochia indica and Leucas aspera (0.48 each), Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphus oenoplia and Hemidesmus indicus (0.45 each), Zingiber officinale, Coriandrum sativum, Jasminum grandiflorum, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ventilago maderaspatana (0.41 each), Senegalia catechu and Plectranthus amboinicus (0.38 each). Respiratory ailments had maximum agreement between informants (ICF=0.86) followed by digestive system (ICF=0.83), oral, dental, ear and nose category (ICF=0.82), dermatological (ICF=0.77), metabolic (ICF=0.75), fever (ICF=0.74), poisonous bites (ICF=0.73), urinary system (ICF=0.72), neurological and musculoskeletal (ICF=0.71), gynecological (ICF=0.58) and circulatory system (0.54). The plant species, Cassia fistula was reported to have the highest UV (1.00), followed by Litsea wightiana and Breynia vitis-idaea (0.67 each), and Ficus racemosa (0.57). The highest number of mentions was for Curcuma longa (seven), followed by Cuminum cyminum (six), Aristolochia indica, Ixora coccinea, Piper nigrum, and Senegalia catechu (five each). Considering the conservation status, Syzygium travancoricum is listed as Critically Endangered, Syzygium caryophyllatum as Endangered, Aporosa cardiosperma as Vulnerable, and Aegle marmelos as Near Threatened, as per the IUCN Red List.

Conclusions: The findings reveal a rich diversity of plant species used for various ailments, with notable emphasis on formulations such as decoctions and juices for oral administration. The high ICF values recorded in this study suggest strong agreement on medicinal formulations among practitioners in the Rajapur Saraswat community. However, further interdisciplinary studies are needed to validate the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants to discover new drugs.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Rajapur Saraswat, traditional knowledge, Dakshina Kannada

Iranian herbal distillates (Hydrosols): From traditional beverages to modern industrial applications

Farrokh Ghahremaninejad — 2026-04-01

Background: Iranian herbal distillates are traditional aqueous products of hydro-distillation with centuries of use in Persian medicine, culinary practices, and cultural rituals. They are documented in historical texts such as those by Avicenna and remain widely employed as beverages, folk remedies, and flavoring agents. This study aims to comprehensively document the botanical sources, traditional uses, production methods, and industrial potential of Iranian hydrosols through an integrated approach combining systematic literature review and extensive ethnobotanical fieldwork.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Field surveys were carried out between September 2023 and September 2025, including visits to three industrial distilleries in Shiraz and Kashan, and surveys of 35 herbal shops and traditional markets across five Iranian cities. Data on plant species, production practices, uses, and market status were collected, taxonomically verified, and analyzed using R.

Results: Fifty-three plant species from 28 families were documented, with Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Apiaceae being the most represented. Aerial parts were the most frequently used plant material. The most commonly reported bioactivities included antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Industrial potential was highest in the sectors of functional beverages, flavoring agents, and cosmetics.

Conclusions: Iranian herbal distillates represent a diverse and culturally significant resource with considerable potential for applications in functional foods, cosmetics, and phytopharmaceuticals. To support industrial scale-up, future efforts should focus on production standardization, clinical validation of bioactivities, and sustainable sourcing practices.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Hydrosols, Functional Beverages, Industrial Applications, Traditional Medicine.

Ethnobotanical assessment of medicinal plants used by indigenous tribes in Mainpat Hills, Chhattisgarh: Quantitative indices and therapeutic potential

Rakesh Kerketta — 2026-04-18

Background: This study explores traditional medicinal knowledge among indigenous tribes of Mainpat hills, Chhattisgarh, documenting their reliance on ethnomedicinal plants for treating common ailments. Using indices like UV, RFC, and FL, it identifies species with therapeutic potential, stressing the need to conserve both indigenous knowledge and biodiversity. The aim is to document and analyse traditional plant use and highlight species of high medicinal value.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted across tribal villages in Mainpat hills using door-to-door interviews with local inhabitants and healers. A total of 17 informants participated in the study, who are practicing healers. Data on plant names, parts used, preparation, treated ailments, and administration routes were collected via structured questionnaires. Quantitative indices (UV, ICF, RFC, FL, ROP) were applied for analysis.

Results: A total of 46 medicinal plant species belonging to 33 families were documented for the treatment of 36 ailments distributed across 11 disease categories. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (39%), predominantly prepared as oral decoctions. The results indicate a strong dependence of local communities on herbal medicine for primary healthcare. Vitex altissima L.f. showed the highest use value, indicating broad therapeutic application, while Vernonia amygdalina Delile showed the lowest. Respiratory ailments exhibited the highest consensus among informants. Species such as Punica granatum L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson showed the highest therapeutic specificity and cultural importance within the community.

Conclusion: The indigenous communities of Mainpat hills exhibit rich ethnomedicinal knowledge and dependence on plant-based remedies for healthcare. Key plants with high UV and FL indicate strong therapeutic and cultural value. The findings highlight the need for pharmacological validation and conservation of both traditional knowledge and biodiversity.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine, medicinal plants, traditional medicinal system, tribal communities, Surguja

Ethnobotanical study of aromatic and medicinal plants used by women of reproductive age in Taza (Morocco) and modeling of their satisfaction through a machine learning approach

Ibtissam Rhbibou — 2026-04-22

Background: The use of aromatic and medicinal plants (AMPs) remains widespread in Morocco, despite advances in modern healthcare and a lack of data on their safety. In Taza province, which is distinctive nationally for its floristic diversity, no studies had previously been conducted on the use of AMPs among women of reproductive age, to the best of our knowledge. The objective of this study was therefore to identify and document the use of such plants among this population.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in both urban and rural settings, involving 430 women aged 15 to 49. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, ethnobotanical indices, linear regression, and by mobilizing association rules (AI approach), for the first time, to reveal usage profiles that link consumed plants to the participant’s satisfaction, thus offering predictions of perceived efficacy and tolerance.

Results: All the participants (100%) used medicinal plants. 70 plant taxa belonging to 32 families were recognized, with the most represented families being Verbenaceae (FIV = 30.2%), Lauraceae (FIV = 13%), and Lamiaceae (FIV = 10.68%); and the most frequently used species: Origanum compactum Benth. (RFC = 0.595) and Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (RFC = 0.588). Leaves were the most frequently used component (77.5%), decoction was the most commonly used preparation (76.9%), and administration was mainly oral (97.2%). Perceived effectiveness was closely associated with the level of satisfaction (χ² = 66.5; p < 0.001) and the lack of side effects (χ² = 34.1; p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Thereafter, the studied women have an ancestral knowledge and use a diversity of plants for their health and well-being in Taza. Their satisfaction is linked to plant’s effectiveness and safety. Hence, future pharmacological investigations are required for safe use of local AMPs.

Keywords: Aromatic and medicinal plants; women; reproductive age; satisfaction; Taza; Morocco.

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Paniya community of Amarambalam Reserve Forest, Kerala, India

Ashlin Mariam Sam — 2026-04-11

Background: The major tribal communities in Kerala are Paniyar, Kattunayakkan, Aranadans, Paliyan, Irular and Adiyar. Each tribal group has their languages, cultural practices and also have their unique healing methods. Many ethnic communities are still unaware of the importance of documenting their knowledge, which is gradually disappearing with each passing generation.

Methods: The study area was located in part of Amarambalam Reserve Forest, which is under the Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary. The objectives were to document indigenous plants used by the Paniya community for medicinal purposes, to record preparation methods, dosages, plant parts used, and additional ingredients. Information was collected among the eleven individuals of the Paniya tribes.

Results: Fifty-five plants representing 29 families were documented. Herbs were the most frequently used medicinal plants followed by shrubs, trees and climbers. Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae members were predominant leaves and whole-plants were more abundantly used in their preparation methods. Additional ingredients included honey, coconut oil, turmeric, milk, salt, or various plant and non-plant-based powders. Paste was the most frequently used formulation method followed by extract, decoction, infusion, powder and juice. Novel medicinal uses for the documented plants were recorded.

Conclusions: The analysis of use values and the fidelity levels of plants for specific illness suggests the conservation priorities by identifying the most valuable plants of the community. The collection of ethnobotanical information and documentation of traditional knowledge has also gained prominence from the perspective of drug development.

Keywords: Paniya tribes, Kerala, Ethnobotany, Use Value, Fidelity, Ingredients

Integrating Spatial Availability into ethnobotanical research: Introducing the Spatial Availability Score (SAS)

Hamid Nazari — 2026-04-01

Background: Ethnobotanical research has traditionally emphasized the documentation of cultural importance and patterns of plant use through indices such as the Relative Frequency of Citation and Use Value. While these metrics effectively capture cultural relevance within specific knowledge systems, they overlook an important dimension: the spatial availability of plant species beyond their original ethnobotanical context. Consequently, species with comparable ethnobotanical importance may differ substantially in their feasibility for future application in food systems, medicinal use, or local resource planning due to contrasting geographic distributions.

Methods: Here, we introduce the Spatial Availability Score (SAS), a quantitative index designed to integrate geographic availability into ethnobotanical assessment. SAS is calculated using species occurrence data to estimate the extent of occurrence after spatial outliers are identified and removed through a reproducible statistical procedure based on multivariate distance (Mahalanobis distance).

Results: The resulting measure is normalized within a defined geographic reference area, enabling comparison among species at spatial scales relevant to intended applications, from local to regional contexts. SAS is conceptually independent from existing ethnobotanical indices and is not intended to replace measures of cultural importance or use intensity. Rather, it provides complementary information on the spatial feasibility of ethnobotanical knowledge, allowing researchers and decision-makers to distinguish between culturally important species with restricted distributions and those that are geographically widespread. By explicitly incorporating biogeographic information into ethnobotanical analysis, SAS enhances the interpretability, transferability, and future-oriented relevance of ethnobotanical studies.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; spatial availability; species distribution; extent of occurrence; future food systems; biogeography

Ethnobotanical and biophysical properties of wood species used in the traditional Uzbek cradle (beshik)

О.К. Khojimatov — 2026-04-18

Background: Traditional infant care systems constitute an important component of cultural heritage shaped by long-term interactions between human societies and their natural environment. In Central Asia, the Uzbek cradle (beshik) represents a distinctive traditional infant care device that integrates cultural practices with ecological and functional design. Despite its widespread use, the ethnobotanical basis and biophysical properties of materials employed in cradle construction remain insufficiently investigated.

Methods: Ethnobotanical data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 46 traditional craftsmen across four regions of Uzbekistan (Tashkent, Fergana, Samarkand, and Kashkadarya). The study integrated ethnographic observations, literature analysis, and comparative assessment of material properties. Tree species used in cradle construction were identified and taxonomically verified using international botanical databases, and their functional and cultural roles were systematically analyzed.

Results: The study identified four principal tree taxa used in cradle construction: Salix spp., Populus spp., Morus alba L. and Juglans regia L. Among these, Salix spp. was the dominant material, accounting for approximately 89-90% of cases, primarily due to its high elasticity, low density, and ease of processing. In contrast, Morus alba and Juglans regia were mainly associated with symbolic and cultural functions. Structural analysis demonstrated that the cradle incorporates a semi-arched support system capable of generating rhythmic, low-amplitude oscillations, which may contribute to infant stabilization and comfort. Additionally, ethnobotanical practices involving aromatic and medicinal plants were documented.

Conclusions: The findings indicate that the Uzbek cradle represents an integrated system shaped by traditional ecological knowledge, combining functional material selection with cultural values. This interdisciplinary approach elucidates the relationships between plant resources, traditional craftsmanship, and infant care practices, and provides a scientific basis for future research on ethnobotanical systems and biofunctional design.

Keywords: ethnobotany; traditional ecological knowledge; cradle; wood properties; Central Asia; infant care; biomaterials; biomechanics

Khilek Curry and the Full-Moon Medicine: Ethnobotanical notes on the Senna siamea ritual of Nakhon Chum, Thailand

Prateep Panyadee — 2026-04-14

Background: Senna siamea (khilek) is a common bitter vegetable and medicinal plant in mainland Southeast Asia. In Nakhon Chum, Kamphaeng Phet Province, a unique full-moon ritual known as Pli Ya transforms the local khilek curry (kaeng khilek) into a medicinal dish believed to protect health and bring good fortune.

Methods: Ethnobotanical data were collected through semi-structured interviews with community elders, direct observation of the 2025 Pli Ya ritual, and photographic documentation. Field notes were supported by informal discussions with local cooks and ritual participants.

Results: Households prepare kaeng khilek using young buds gathered before sunrise on the full moon of the twelfth lunar month. The curry, shared within the community, symbolizes both food and medicine, reflecting beliefs that moonlight enhances the plant’s healing properties.

Conclusions: The Pli Ya tradition of Nakhon Chum illustrates the fusion of ecology, belief, and healing in Thai ethnobotany. It exemplifies how ritual timing and shared food practices sustain cultural memory and the concept of “food as medicine.”

Keywords: Senna siamea, khilek, full-moon ritual, ethnobotany, Thailand

Floristic and ecological patterns of toxic vascular plants in Morocco

Khaoula Labrighli — 2026-05-07

Background: Toxic vascular plants constitute a significant yet under-documented component of Morocco’s floristic diversity. Despite their ecological importance and implications for public health, no recent nationwide synthesis has integrated floristic, ecological, and conservation data within a unified analytical framework.

Methods: This study presents an updated inventory and ecological analysis of toxic vascular plants reported in Morocco, based exclusively on critically evaluated bibliographic, taxonomic, and ecological sources. Species richness, taxonomic structure, biological spectrum, phenology, geographic distribution, habitat preferences, endemism, and conservation status were analyzed using a descriptive floristic–ecological approach.

Results: A total of 170 toxic species belonging to 124 genera and 51 families were documented, with a marked predominance of angiosperms (98.24%). Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Ranunculaceae, Apiaceae, Solanaceae, and Lamiaceae concentrate most taxa, while Euphorbia L. and Artemisia L. are the most species-rich genera. Therophytes (28.65%) and hemicryptophytes (21.05%) dominate the biological spectrum, reflecting adaptation to Mediterranean and semi-arid conditions. Flowering peaks occur mainly between March and June. Toxic taxa are widely distributed, with higher concentrations in semi-arid and sub-humid bioclimatic zones, particularly in the Rif, Middle Atlas, and Atlantic plains. Forests, matorrals, grasslands, rocky slopes, and ruderal habitats represent the principal ecological settings. Endemic taxa account for 15.8% of the recorded flora. Most species are classified as Least Concern, whereas a limited number fall within Threatened or Data Deficient categories.

Conclusions: This synthesis provides a comprehensive floristic–ecological baseline supporting biodiversity conservation planning, ecological monitoring, and the development of toxicovigilance strategies in Morocco.

Keywords: Toxic plants, vascular flora, plant ecology, floristic diversity, Morocco.

Ethnobotany and the Productivity-Endurability Trade-off

Zaal Kikvidze — 2026-04-18

Background: Ethnobotany serves as an exemplary interdisciplinary science, synthesizing concepts from botany, ecology, sociology, and ethnography to explore the complex relationships between human societies and plant resources. While ethnobotanical research frequently documents the superior sensory qualities, nutritional profiles, and medicinal potency of wild plants and traditional landraces compared to modern commercial varieties, these observations often lack a unified biological framework. This paper unifies these phenomena — along with the global dominance of annual plants as staple foods — within a framework of the productivity-endurability trade-off.

Methods: Rooted in the historical "law of compensation" proposed by Darwin and Wallace, this trade-off posits that biological resources allocated to one function, such as biomass accumulation (productivity), are necessarily withdrawn from others, such as stress tolerance and pest resistance (endurability). Drawing on J.P. Grime’s C-S-R Triangle theory, this study examines how artificial selection and agricultural intensification bypass environmental constraints, often resulting in highly productive crops with significantly reduced self-defense mechanisms.

Results: Through this theoretical lens, the preference for annual staples is revealed as a strategic selection for rapid reproductive output over the high metabolic costs of perennial longevity, which are only mitigated in tropical environments. Furthermore, the trade-off explains the diminished potency of cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants; in the absence of wild environmental stressors, plants downregulate the synthesis of costly secondary metabolites that define their flavor and therapeutic value.

Conclusions: The trade-off concept provides a comprehensive explanatory framework for key ethnobotanical observations, offering critical insights for the future of sustainable breeding and global food systems.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Biological Trade-offs, Productivity-Endurability, C-S-R Theory, Plant Domestication, Secondary Metabolites