Ethnobotany Research and Applications

Ethnobotanical Insights into Medicinal Plants usage in Haj Kaddour, Morocco

Khadija Benamar — 2025-03-06

Background: The use of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in traditional medicine is integral to Moroccan culture. This study examines their use in Haj Kaddour, a rural area in north-central Morocco, and provides detailed ethnobotanical data on the most frequently cited species.

Methods: A survey was conducted for the first time in Haj Kaddour, with 94 residents of to assess their use of MAPs. The data was analyzed using plant citation indices, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) was applied to explore relationships between plant use and the socio-demographic characteristics of participants.

Results: The study found that 68.08% of participants used MAPs. A total of 52 species from 26 families were recorded, with Origanum compactum Benth and Mentha pulegium L. being the most commonly mentioned. Leaves were the most commonly used part, and infusions were the preferred preparation method. Moreover, individuals with low or no MAPs use (<3 species) tended to be male, unmarried, under 20 years old, and highly educated. In contrast, moderate (>4 species) or high (>7 species) users were mainly female, married, over 20, and had lower education levels. A key challenge was the relatively low level of MAPs use among younger, highly educated individuals, which may reflect shifting cultural practices or reduced knowledge transfer across generations.

Conclusions: This study highlights the widespread use of MAPs in Haj Kaddour as traditional remedies. The results provide valuable ethnobotanical insights and establish a foundation for further research in pharmacognosy and the development of natural-based therapies.

Keywords: Haj Kaddour, ethnobotany, multiple component analysis

Non-Timber forest products and their role in rural livelihoods: A case study from the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal

Chungla Sherpa — 2025-02-09

Background: This study investigated the role of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in supporting the livelihoods of communities in Parche area of Madi Rural Municipality, Kaski District, Nepal. Despite rich biodiversity and cultural diversity, communities face economic challenges from low agricultural productivity, reliance on remittances, and unstable tourism income. Sustainable NTFP use offers income potential, but limited awareness, value addition, and market access hinder its impact.

Methods: Data from 100 respondents were collected via surveys, interviews, and focus group discussion. Socioeconomic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression to assess relationships between variables like age, education, landholding, livestock, family size, forest distance, and NTFP income. A t-test evaluated the significance of each coefficient.

Results: The study identified eight key NTFPs, with Allo (Girardinia diversifolia) and Nigalo (Drepanostachyum falcatum) significantly contributing to middle class household income. NTFPs also serve important medicinal, food, and household purposes. Analysis revealed that education (p < 0.001), landholding size (p < 0.001), family size (p < 0.001), and forest proximity (p = 0.025) significantly influence NTFP income, highlighting these factors as key determinants.

Conclusion: This study underscores the critical role of NTFPs in supporting rural livelihoods in the Parche area, with Girardinia diversifolia and Drepanostachyum falcatum identified as key income sources. Socioeconomic factors such as, education, family size, landholding, and forest proximity significantly influence NTFP income. Promoting sustainable use, value addition, and market access can enhance their economic and cultural benefits.

Keywords: Allo, Domestication, Income generation, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Model

Sustainability factors underlying traditional grazing in Mount Rinjani National Park, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Arya Arismaya Metananda — 2025-03-30

Background: Traditional grazing in Mount Rinjani National Park (MRNP), West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, is a crucial livelihood practice for local communities. However, it poses ecological challenges such as overgrazing, habitat degradation, and an increased wildfire risk. Understanding the sustainability of grazing requires an integrated assessment of ecological, social, economic, and institutional factors.

Methods: This study employed the MICMAC method to analyze key sustainability variables and their interdependencies. Data collection included expert judgment, interviews with local farmers and stakeholders, field surveys, and secondary data analysis. A structured influence-dependence matrix was used to classify variables based on their role in the grazing system.

Results: The quadrant analysis identifies key factors influencing grass utilization in MRNP. Determinant variables such as vegetation cover (C1), land area (C4), grass use (C6), use frequency (C8), and use pattern (C7) play a major role in shaping grazing sustainability. Linkage variables, including institutional factors (C9) and demographics (C5), highlight the importance of governance and community dynamics. Other factors significantly influence the dependent variables, whereas autonomous variables, such as wildlife habitat (C2) and carrying capacity (C3), have minimal interaction with the system. These findings emphasize the need for an integrated approach to balancing grazing activities and conservation efforts in MRNP.

Conclusions: Sustainable grazing management in MRNP requires a collaborative approach that integrates community participation, institutional support, and conservation strategies. Fire prevention, controlled livestock management, and the rehabilitation of degraded grasslands are necessary interventions. Future policies should balance ecological conservation with local economic needs to ensure long-term sustainability.

Keywords: Grazing, MICMAC, Mount Rinjani National Park, Natural resources, Sustainability

Abstrak

Background: Penggembalaan tradisional di Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani (TNGR), Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, merupakan praktik mata pencaharian penting bagi masyarakat lokal. Namun, praktik ini menimbulkan tantangan ekologis seperti penggembalaan berlebihan (overgrazing), degradasi habitat, dan peningkatan risiko kebakaran hutan. Untuk memahami keberlanjutan penggembalaan, diperlukan penilaian yang terintegrasi dari aspek ekologi, sosial, ekonomi, dan kelembagaan.

Methods: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode MICMAC untuk menganalisis variabel-variabel utama yang mempengaruhi keberlanjutan penggembalaan serta keterkaitannya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penilaian ahli, wawancara dengan petani dan pemangku kepentingan, survei lapangan, serta analisis data sekunder. Matriks pengaruh-ketergantungan yang terstruktur digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan variabel berdasarkan perannya dalam sistem penggembalaan.

Results: Analisis kuadran mengidentifikasi faktor utama yang mempengaruhi pemanfaatan padang rumput di TNGR. Variabel determinan seperti tutupan vegetasi (C1), luas lahan (C4), penggunaan rumput (C6), frekuensi pemanfaatan (C8), dan pola penggunaan (C7) memiliki peran utama dalam keberlanjutan penggembalaan. Variabel penghubung seperti faktor kelembagaan (C9) dan demografi (C5) menunjukkan pentingnya tata kelola dan dinamika komunitas. Variabel dependen sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain, sedangkan variabel otonom, seperti habitat satwa liar (C2) dan daya dukung habitat (C3), memiliki interaksi minimal dengan sistem. Temuan ini menekankan perlunya pendekatan terpadu untuk menyeimbangkan aktivitas penggembalaan dan upaya konservasi di TNGR.

Conclusions: Pengelolaan penggembalaan berkelanjutan di TNGR memerlukan pendekatan kolaboratif yang mengintegrasikan partisipasi masyarakat, dukungan kelembagaan, dan strategi konservasi. Upaya pencegahan kebakaran, pengelolaan ternak yang terkendali, serta rehabilitasi padang rumput yang terdegradasi menjadi langkah penting. Kebijakan ke depan harus berfokus pada keseimbangan antara konservasi ekologi dan kebutuhan ekonomi lokal untuk memastikan keberlanjutan jangka panjang.

Keywords: Penggembalaan, MICMAC, Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani, Sumber daya alam, Keberlanjutan

Utilization patterns of Diploknema butyracea along the gradient of geography and culture in the Nepal Himalaya

Shreehari Bhattarai — 2025-03-25

Background: Geographic, cultural, phylogenic, and socio-economic factors influence traditional knowledge. This study evaluates the collection and utilization pattern of the chiuri-Butter tree (Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H. J. Lam) across varying geographic and cultural gradients in Nepal.

Methods: We carried out a survey of 270 households from nine districts across lowland Tarai, Siwalik, mid-hills, and mountainous physiography covering all regions of western, central, and eastern Nepal. A generalized linear mixed model, ANOVA, and its corresponding post-hoc Tukey test were used to analyze the results.

Results: The maximum Use Reports of chiuri were observed for subsistence (1440) followed by primary health care medicine (240), and religious (213). The maximum values of chiuri (Use Reports 402, use value 0.47, and cultural importance index 13.4) were reported from Makawanpur followed by Chitwan, both districts well represent the Central Tarai-Siwalik region. These Use Reports value the chiuri go beyond mere ethnomedicinal. The Chepang ethnic group, inhabiting only the Central Tarai-Siwalik region of the country possesses a rich and diverse knowledge of chiuri collection, utilization, and conservation with a Use Reports of 10.85 per person.

Conclusions: Chepang and chiuri are interconnected, as they are associated with most extensive Use Reports. The people have meticulously conserved chiuri trees in their private lands, state forests, and community-based forests. Community-based conservation, local stewardship, and agroforestry policies can ensure sustainable use. Protecting chiuri forests may serve as a vital refuge for the semi-nomadic Chepang, preserving their traditions and livelihoods for future generations.

Keywords: Butter tree, Chepang, Ethnoecological knowledge, Socioeconomic attributes

Plant bioresource dependency and climate perspectives in tropical forests of the Eastern Himalaya

Sweeta Sumant — 2025-01-06

Background: The Indian Himalayan Region harbours significant plant bioresources that are essential for species’ survival. These plants provide food, medicine, and economic support while preserving cultural heritage and ecological sustainability. The present study investigates the dependency of local communities on forest plant bioresources, the transmission of ethnobotanical knowledge, and the impacts of climate change on resource availability.

Methods: A comprehensive structured questionnaire survey was carried out in 86 households in the Soraipung range using a stratified random sampling method. Data relating to ethnobotanical plants and their socio-economic characteristics were collected over 12 months from September 2021 to August 2022. The informant consensus factor (F_ic) was calculated to assess the uniformity of ethnomedicinal plant use across ailment categories. The plant species were identified using relevant literature, the necessary data were collected.

Results: It was found that the local people used a total of 80 plants of ethnobotanical importance available in the forest. Among these, 65 species were identified as edible and economically valuable plants, and 44 species have medicinal values. Notably, 25 plants were classified as having edible, economical and medicinal properties. These plants were found to be utilized either for their own consumption and/or commercial purposes.

Conclusions: This study has highlighted the significance of preserving ethnobotanical knowledge of available plant bioresources. It also emphasizes the need for further research to provide insights into traditional knowledge to support livelihoods and resilience in the face of climate change.

Keywords: Bioresources, Climate change, Ethnobotanical, Forests, Livelihood, Traditional Knowledge.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of human ailments in the Sodo district of East Gurage Zone Central Ethiopia

Zewdie Kassa Tessema — 2025-03-03

Background: In Ethiopia, traditional medicine has long been a vital aspect of healthcare, with knowledge passed down orally. However, habitat loss from agriculture and deforestation threatens the availability of medicinal plants. This study documents the medicinal plants used in the Sodo District of East Gurage Zone, Central Ethiopia, and explores the challenges they face.

Methods: Between July 2020 and November 2022, 120 informants (90 males, 30 females) participated in interviews and surveys. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, field observations, and market surveys. Identified plant specimens were deposited in a herbarium. Ethnobotanical data were analyzed using various statistical methods, including informant consensus factor and relative frequency of citation.

Results: A total of 106 plant species from 49 families were identified, with Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Solanaceae being most commonly used. Herbs were the primary plant habit. Common preparation methods included crushing and squeezing, with oral administration being most frequent. Ocimum lamiifolium had the highest fidelity for treating febrile illnesses. Sexually transmitted infections and intestinal issues had the highest consensus among informants. Demographic factors significantly influenced plant knowledge. Major threats included agricultural expansion, firewood collection, and overharvesting.

Conclusion: Traditional medicinal knowledge is integral to the local culture, with a diverse range of plants used for healthcare. However, challenges such as the aging healer population, lack of successors, and resource overharvesting threaten this knowledge. This study highlights the need for conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants and traditional knowledge.

Keywords: Central Ethiopia, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Sodo district

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for treatment of Diabetes in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Asifa Sameen — 2025-03-23

Background: Diabetics is a chronic metabolic disease and a leading cause of death worldwide. In rural areas of Pakistan like Mianwali, diabetes management relies on medicinal plants due to limited access to healthcare and the high cost of treatments. This study highlights the potential of Indigenous medicinal plants as safer, cost-effective alternatives and supports for further research to identify active compounds for diabetes treatment.

Methods: During October 2022 to December 2024 data was collected from 250 informants in Mianwali district through open interviews, semi-structured questionnaires and field surveys. Special focus was given to elderly respondents and traditional herbalists for their extensive knowledge of ethnomedicinal practices. The information was analyzed using the Use Value (UV), Family Importance Value (FIV), Relative Frequency Citation (RFC), and other quantitative indices.

Results: The study identified 44 plant species from 25 families as medicinally significant for diabetes management. Herbs accounted for 48.83% of the recorded species, followed by trees (30.23%), shrubs (18.60%), and climbers (2.32%). Key families included Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Solanaceae. Quantitative indices revealed Moringa oleifera with the highest Use Value (UV = 0.97) and Rhazya stricta with the highest Fidelity Level (FL = 92.86%).

Conclusions: This study highlights the rich ethnobotanical knowledge in the Mianwali district, documenting 44 plant species from 25 families used for diabetes management. Herbs were the most commonly utilized growth form (48.83%), reflecting their availability and versatility in treating various ailments.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Asteraceae, Indigenous knowledge; Used value, Herbal medicine, Mianwali, Diabetes, Cucurbitaceae

Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants used by rural communities in the foothill villages of the Alagar Hills region, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India

Shrinitha Muthukrishnan — 2025-01-17

Background: The traditional medicine systems across the world are reliant on the locally available plant species. It is very common for rural communities to treat their diseases using native plant species. This study aimed to document the rich traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used by rural communities in the foothill villages of the Alagar hills region, part of the Eastern Ghats in Tamil Nadu, India.

Methods: Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted with 93 informants selected through non-probability sampling and snowball sampling methods distributed across three foothill villages of the Alagar hills region from December 2020 to February 2023. Sociodemographic characteristics of the informants, and ethnobotanical data including plant families, life forms, parts used, modes of administration, and routes of administration were analysed using percentage. Quantitative indices such as Use Value, Family Use Value, Relative Frequency Citation, Informant Consensus Factor, Informant Agreement Ratio, Fidelity Level % were calculated using established formulae.

Results: About 199 medicinal plants utilized to treat various disease conditions, grouped into 18 different ailment categories, were documented. The Fabaceae family (31 species) was the most commonly used. Herbs (34%) were the most used life form, and leaves (41%) were the most frequently used plant part in herbal drug preparations. Paste (36%) was the most common preparation method, and the oral route (72%) was the most frequently used route of administration.

Conclusions: This study underscores the significant role of medicinal plants in the healthcare practices of rural communities in the study area. Quantitative analysis identified culturally significant species contributing to the conservation of medicinal plant species, preservation of traditional knowledge, and also for isolation and identification of novel bioactive compounds.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Herbal drugs, Dindigul, Traditional knowledge

Indigenous knowledge and uses of Ficus species in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso: Prospects for sustainable management of their natural resources

Youssouf Sawadogo — 2025-01-22

Background: In Burkina Faso, Ficus is one of the largest plant genera. However, its resource availability, populations status and uses which are crucial for the conservation of the species have not been sufficiently documented. This study aims to fill this gap of knowledge.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out purposively from August 2021 to April 2022 with 240 informants of different age categories, ethnic groups and sexes across 12 villages in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. Collected information related to the resource availability, the population status and the uses of Ficus species. The data analysis consisted of calculation of frequencies and ethnobotanic indices such as relative frequency of citation (RFC) and use value. Chi-squared test and generalized linear model were used for statistical comparisons.

Results: Ficus species resources were perceived to be rare (69.06%) while populations status was perceived to be declining (41.39%). Both resource availability and populations status were only influenced by the ethnic group (p-value < 0.05). The most useful species were F. sycomorus, F. platyphylla and F. sur. Species were mostly used in medicine (RFC = 91.25%), fodder (90%), food (84.58%) and firewood (79.16%). Uses were strongly influenced by informants’ ethnic group (p-value = 0.002), sex (p-value = 8.75e-06) and age category (p-value = 0.001).

Conclusions: The global decline trend of Ficus species in Burkina Faso combined with their high use by populations suggest the necessity of implementing conservation strategies involving the local population.

Keywords: Locals’ perceptions, Ficus species diversity, Fig tree uses, Plant use value

Résumé

Contexte : Au Burkina Faso, les Ficus constituent l'un des genres les plus représentatifs de la flore. Cependant, la disponibilité des ressources, la dynamique des populations et les pratiques d’utilisations qui sont cruciaux pour la conservation du taxon n'ont pas été suffisamment documentés. Cette étude vise à combler ce manque de connaissances.

Méthodes : Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés aléatoirement du mois d’août 2021 au mois d’avril 2022 avec 240 informateurs de différentes classes d'âge, groupes ethniques et sexes dans 12 villages de la zone soudanienne du Burkina Faso. Les informations recueillies ont porté sur la disponibilité des ressources, la dynamique des populations et les usages des espèces. L'analyse des données a consisté au calcul de fréquences et d’indices ethnobotaniques tels que la fréquence relative de citation (FRC) et la valeur d'usage. Le test du Khi-deux et le modèle linéaire généralisé ont été utilisés pour les comparaisons statistiques.

Résultats : Les perceptions des enquêtés ont montré que les ressources des Ficus sont rares (69,06 %), tandis que la dynamique des populations est régressive (41,39 %). La disponibilité des ressources et la dynamique des populations sont influencées uniquement par le groupe ethnique (p-value < 0,05). Les espèces les plus importantes sont F. sycomorus, F. platyphylla et F. sur. Les espèces de Ficus sont principalement utilisées en médecine (FRC = 91,25%), comme fourrage (90%), en alimentation (84,58%) et comme bois de chauffe (79,16%). Les usages sont significativement influencés par le groupe ethnique (p-value = 0,002), le sexe (valeur p-value 0,001) et la classe d'âge (p-value = 0,001).

Conclusion : La dynamique régressive des espèces de Ficus au Burkina Faso, combinée à leur forte utilisation par les populations, suggère la nécessité de mettre en place des stratégies de conservation impliquant les populations locales.

Mots-clés : Perceptions des populations locales, diversité des espèces de Ficus, usages du figuier, valeur d'usage des plantes.

Ethnobotanical documentation of medicinal flora traditionally used for pediatric diseases in Khar, district Bajaur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Ullah Shariat — 2025-04-03

Background: The use of plants for primary healthcare continues in both developed and developing countries. In rural areas, where healthcare facilities are limited, conventional medicine is expensive, and resources are often mismanaged, parents turn to herbal remedies instead of modern medicine to treat children's illnesses. Therefore, it is crucial to document the ethnomedicinal use of plants for children's healthcare in the studied regions.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to document ethnomedicinal plants used for treating children's disorders and assess their conservation status.

Methods: The data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, incorporating various quantitative indices such as Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Family Importance Value (FIV). Plant specimens identified by local informants were collected and verified with the aid of existing literature. The accuracy of scientific names was confirmed through the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) database. (IPNI) https://www.inpni.org.

Results: A total of forty six different medicinally important plants belonging to twenty eight families were recorded utilizing for the curing of children disorders during March to December 2023. The Lamiaceae family, with six species, was reported to have the highest number of plants used for treating children's illnesses, followed by five species from other families. Seeds (30%) and leaves (28%) were the most commonly used plant parts by the local inhabitants. According to the family importance value, Apiaceae ranked highest (82.92%), followed by Lamiaceae (80.48%), while the species Ammi visnaga had the highest relative frequency of citation (0.48). The conservation status indicated that 47.82% of the plants were considered rare, while 41.3% were classified as vulnerable. The highest informant consensus was observed for abdominal pain (15 species), followed by diarrhea (6 species), and constipation, wounds, and chest infections (5 species each).

Conclusion: This study documents ethnomedicinal plants from various areas of Khar, District Bajaur, focusing on those used for paediatric diseases. It does not target a specific disease or involve quantitative analysis. There are significant gaps in ethnobotanical knowledge in this region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, with much of the knowledge held by traditional societies at risk due to lack of documentation. Many medicinal plants are also facing extinction, threatening genetic diversity. The study aims to preserve this knowledge to support the development of affordable, low-cost therapies for the poor.

Keywords: Quantitative, Ethnobotany, Conservation, diseases, Bajaur, Pakistan.

Ethnobotanical study on the valorization of a rare forest, fruit and medicinal plant (Prunus avium) in north-western Tunisia

Jdaidi Nouri — 2025-03-25

Background: This ethnobotanical study aimed to promote the rare medicinal plant Prunus avium from Jendouba region in northwestern Tunisia and to collect general information regarding its therapeutic applications.

Methods: Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted among rural populations and herbalists in the three areas (Tabarka, Ain Draham, and Ghardimaou) using a questionnaire on Prunus avium. Following the conclusion of the fieldwork, the collected information was processed. It was then sorted and structured into a matrix using XLSTAT software, which enabled the creation of graphs and tables.

Results: The data collected shows that Prunus avium, also known as wild cherry, is widely used in the region. In fact, the research conducted in these three areas showed that it was mainly recommended for its anti-inflammatory (23%), diuretic (20.9%), sleep-promoting (16.1%), relief from osteoarthritis (15%), and cholesterol-lowering properties (15%). Respondents also indicated that the leaves and fruits were the most commonly used parts, with 68% and 32%, respectively. Also, decoction (25.55%), fruit juice (23.53%), infusion (21.87%), and compress (20.65%) were generally mentioned.

Conclusion: This work serves as a valuable source of information for pharmacological research, providing a foundation for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of Prunus avium. It emphasizes the effective transmission of knowledge regarding the applications and beneficial effects of wild cherries from one generation to the next.

Keywords: Prunus avium, ethnobotanical survey, method of preparation, therapeutic uses, northwestern Tunisia.

Diversity of plants used in traditional veterinary medicine in Central-Eastern Burkina Faso

Issouf Zerbo — 2025-01-06

Background: In the West African Sahel, ethnoveterinary medicine is widely practiced by livestock farmers but remains poorly documented. This study aims to describe the medicinal plants and traditional recipes used for treating major animal diseases in Burkina Faso, specifically in the Centre-Eastern region.

Methods: Semi-structured surveys were conducted from August to October 2024 with 120 livestock farmers randomly selected from five communes in the Centre-Eastern region of Burkina Faso. Data were analyzed using relative frequency of citations and Sankey diagrams.

Results: A total of 38 animal diseases were reported, with diarrhea (11%), trypanosomiasis (10%) and retained placenta (9%) being the most frequently cited. The primary causes of animal diseases were nutritional (28.72%), parasitic (26.28%) and environmental (16.26%). Livestock farmers used 88 plant species from 73 genera and 34 families to treat these diseases. The most represented families were Fabaceae (21.59%), Malvaceae (9.08%) and Poaceae (6.82%). The most frequently used species were Khaya senegalensis (34.02%), Parkia biglobosa (18.40%), Terminalia leiocarpa (10.00%), Vachellia nilotica (9.03%) and Vitellaria paradoxa (8.00%). All plant parts were used in the disease treatment, with bark (35.56%), leaves (21.08%) and fruits (11.88%) being the most frequently used. Six preparation methods were identified in the formulation of ethnoveterinary remedies, with maceration (38.82%) and decoction (34.04%) being the most common. Approximately 86.45% of the recipes were plant-based, while 13.55% included mineral products. Eight administration routes were reported with oral (46.15%), anal (17.31%) and topical (17.31%) applications being the most frequent.

Conclusions: This study documents the use of plants in traditional veterinary medicine practiced by livestock farmers and provides important information to complement modern veterinary medicine in addressing livestock health issues.

Keywords: Ethnoveterinary medicine, Animal diseases, Medicinal plants, Sahel.

Ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants traditionally used by the inhabitants of Lalku Valley, District Swat, Pakistan

Sayed Haidar Ali Shah — 2025-01-06

Background: The non-cultivated edible plants are collected by local people from the surrounding environment and used in various food recipes. The relationship of human communities with such plants has been considered an ecological balance system since ancient times. Much ethnobotanical research has proven the importance of wild edible plants for the local communities, especially in emergency like war, famine, and drought.

Methods: An ethnobotanical study was conducted in 26 villages/ settlements of Lalku Valley, district Swat to document the wild edible plants used as food by local inhabitants. The data was collected using group discussions and oral face-to-face interviews through semi-structured questionnaires. The related information was collected from 222 local informants (179 males and 43 females). Informants were told about the study's aims and Prior Informed Consent was obtained. The acquired data was analyzed through various statistical indices like Use Reports (UR), and Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC).

Results: A total of 60 plant species belonging to 31 families and 46 genera were reported as wild edible plants (WEPs) traditionally used in the study area. Rosaceae was reported as the dominant plant family with 10 species followed by Lamiaceae 5 while Amaranthaceae and Moraceae with 3 species each. Herbs were reported as the most widely used form with 29 species (48.33%), followed by shrubs with 14 species (23.33%), trees with 12 species (20.00%), and climbers with 2 species (3.33%). Fruits were the most widely used part with 24 species (40.00%), Young shoot with 23 species (39.65%), Leaf with 16 species (26.66%), Seeds and whole plant used with 4 species (6.66%) each, flower with 2 species (3.33%) while bulb and corm with 1 species each (1.66%). Among them, 34 species (56.66%) were consumed uncooked, and 26 species (43.3%) were cooked before consumption. Based on the availability of plants, 26 wild edible plant species are available and collected in the summer season (May-August), 21 species in the spring- early summer season (April- May), and 12 species in the autumn season (September-November).

Conclusions: The local people have rich knowledge related to wild edible plants (WEPs).The results show a strong relationship between the local communities with wild edible plants (WEPs) species which is a potential source to ensure food security. Further studies are required to document and preserve such traditional knowledge.

Keywords: Wild edible plant, Ethnobotany, Traditional knowledge, Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC)

Ethnobotanical study on the different use forms of Cannabis sativa L. in the provinces of Al-Hoceima and Chefchaouen (Northern Morocco)

Maria Hourmate Allah — 2025-03-06

Background: Cannabis sativa L. was among the first plants used by humans for fiber, food, medicine, and in sociocultural settings. This study aimed to identify the local uses of Cannabis sativa L. and its socio-cultural importance in the provinces of Al-Hoceima and Chefchaouen in Northern Morocco.

Methods: The survey was conducted between September 2023 and May 2024 using semi-structured questionnaires in the provinces of Al-Hoceima and Chefchaouen.

Results: The values of the diversity and equitability knowledge indices are high (ID>5 and IE>0.5) indicating an equal distribution of knowledge among the respondents about Cannabis sativa L. Five types of use of the species were identified: economic, psychoactive, traditional medicine, cosmetics and fodder. The most commonly used plant parts are leaves, flowers and seeds. Chi-square and ANOVA tests using SPSS software revealed a slight variation in knowledge of the use of the species according to sex and age. The plant part uses values calculated by age category and gender were subjected to multiple correspondence analysis (MCA).

Conclusion: The population of the provinces of Al-Hoceima and Chefchaouen is mainly dependent on cannabis cultivation for their livelihood, with the majority of males using the plant for psychoactive purposes. One of the goals of legalizing Cannabis in Morocco is to increase the value of the plant by diversifying its legal uses.

Keywords: Ethnobotanical knowledge, survey, Cannabis sativa L., Northern Morocco, semi-structured questionnaires.

Bio-cultural habits of plant consumption in the food system of traditional Sasak’s villages (Indonesia)

Wawan Sujarwo — 2025-02-17

Background: The Sasak people are the Indigenous population of Lombok Island. In a rural context, traditional villages (desa adat) represent the most conservative segment of Sasak’s ethnicity, where they continue to uphold original customs and bio-culturally preserve the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). A significant aspect of TEK relates to plant-based foods and their consumption habits. This study aimed to elucidate dietary habits associated with plant consumption by identifying several bio-cultural traits linked to specific groups of plant parts (botanicals) consumed with varying frequencies throughout the year.

Methods: Data were collected using Food Frequency Questionnaires administered to 35 women in seven Sasak traditional villages. Statistical analyses, including cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis, were performed using Ginkgo software to identify bio-cultural traits associated with botanical consumption patterns.

Results: The study documented 77 botanicals from 68 plant species and 33 families consumed in Sasak traditional villages. Cluster analysis identified five groups of botanicals with distinct consumption patterns, ranging from seasonal to daily use. The findings revealed two plant consumption cycles in the traditional Sasak diet: a primary cycle centered around white rice as a staple and a secondary cycle that increased dietary diversity through seasonal fruits and plant-based dishes.

Conclusions: The observed patterns of plant consumption highlight their significance in sustaining traditional Sasak diets and bio-cultural practices. These patterns demonstrate how the traditional food system is shaped by the Sasak people’s bio-cultural traits, emphasizing the importance of preserving their unique food systems as a bio-cultural signature of Indigenous People and traditional villages.

Keywords: Bio-cultural erosion, Indigenous Sasak people, Food-Frequency Questionnaires, Traditional Diet, Food plant, Fruit plant, Lesser Sunda Island, Stunting

Utilitarian diversity of Senna occidentalis in Benin, West Africa: Ethnobotanical insights and sustainable management

Alix Frank Rodrigue Idohou — 2025-04-03

Background: Senna occidentalis (L.) Link is a medicinal plant whose therapeutic properties have been widely appreciated in medicinal preparations throughout the world. This study investigates the indigenous knowledge and use of S. occidentalis throughout Benin.

Methods: The study was carried out in nine communes of Benin. From September to November 2023, semi-structured interviews were conducted in 72 villages, involving 195 respondents from 14 different sociolinguistic groups. Cramer's test was used to determine the degree of relationship between socio-linguistic groups and the forms and parts of the plant used. In addition, a Correspondence Analysis (CA) was performed to examine variations in species consensus values.

Results: Our results showed that the species is primarily used for medicinal purposes (93.57%), with smaller proportions allocated to food (3.21%) and medico-romantic applications (3.21%). The uses of the species varied with socio-linguistic affiliation. Decoction (71.88%), infusion (7.63%), toothpick (6.42%) and trituration (6.02%) were the forms mainly used by the local population. The leaves (71.08%) were the most commonly used part of the plant. Roots (20.08%) and seeds (8.83%) were used, but to a lesser extent. In addition, leaves and roots were mainly used parts of the species to treat malaria and typhoid fever, while seeds were used for constipation.

Conclusions: These results demonstrate the medicinal importance of S. occidentalis in Benin and suggest the need for priority actions for the sustainable management and use of the species. Further research on the medicinal components of different parts of the plant could aid its promotion and valorization.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Asteraceae, Indigenous communities; Human diseases, Herbal medicine

Quantitative analysis and documentation of women’s ethnomedical knowledge in Western West Bengal, India

Manishree Mondal — 2025-03-29

Background: Indigenous women in every tribal society of “Jangalmahal” area of Western West Bengal are truly accredited for restoration, transmission and preservation of their ethnomedicinal knowledge like ethnomedical men but their knowledge is not yet recognized and documented for their holistic use, evaluation and validation. This research focuses on the knowledge and perception of ethnomedicinal plants and indigenous therapeutic practices of common indigenous women and women traditional healers.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was executed among 400 tribal women and 10 women ethnomedical healers in 10 remote forest villages selected by stratified random sampling procedure of Western West Bengal. The women healers mainly identify the medicinal plants and provide the information about importance, plant parts used, mode of administration of medicines, preferred medicinal plants. The tribal women respondents provide the information about the effectiveness of these medicines and validation of the knowledge provided by the ethnomedicinal women healers. A semi-structured and open-ended questionnaire schedule was employed for calculation of descriptive statistical techniques like CPP, ICF, FL, UV, IV, CSI, PCC.

Results: Altogether 60 plant species of 34 families have been identified by women traditional healers used for 38 ethnomedicinal preparations for curing 22 types of diseases. Women healers mostly practice oral administration of ethnomedicines (72%). Multiple medicinal plants were cited against particular ailments, and mixing of two or more different medicinal plants (38%) against a single ailment was reported.

Conclusions: The documented ethnomedicinal knowledge of the common indigenous women and women healers from this study can be used to support the country’s primary health care system of human and livestock. It will be helpful in future studies to validate bioactivity of selected medicinal plants as well as to increase their acceptability in health care systems both nationally and internationally.

Keywords: Indigenous women, Jangalmahal, Ethnomedicinal plants, Therapeutic practices, Stratified random sampling, Descriptive statistics Women traditional healers, Diseases, Ethnomedicine, Health care.

Study of the local population’s perceptions of the ecosystem services provided by mangroves in Benin

Rose Kikpa Bio — 2025-01-31

Background: Mangrove ecosystems, which provide various ecosystem services (ES), face threats from both natural and anthropogenic sources. However, the relationship between ES and their direct beneficiaries, namely local communities, is often not obvious. This study analyzed the perceptions of the local population regarding the importance of different ES categories in the mangrove region of the Bouche du Roy Community Biodiversity Conservation Area (CBCA) in Benin.

Methods: Surveys were conducted with 41 residents, targeting diverse socioeconomic profiles including fishermen, salt producers and ecoguards. We compared the average importance ratings of 12 ES, including provisioning, regulating and cultural ES. Then, a multiple regression analysis and a post-survey debriefing report were used to identify differences in ES importance ratings by respondent profile.

Results: Mean scores for food provisioning (4.37), carbon sequestration (3.83), and erosion control (3.46) were the highest, while those for water purification (1.83) and medicinal services (1.85) were the lowest. Perceptions varied by profiles and genders, except for food provisioning, water resources, and erosion control, which showed no significant differences. Respondents with a sound knowledge of mangrove ES valued them highly, underscoring the tangible benefits and growing awareness of mangrove contributions fostered by conservation efforts.

Conclusions: The successful protection of CBCA mangrove ecosystems depends on social acceptance, which relies on their ability to provide livelihoods, climate and coastal regulation, as well as cultural, spiritual, and touristic values. Consultation with local communities can integrate their interests in protection plans.

Keywords: mangroves, ecosystem services, community consultation, Benin.

Resumé

Contexte : Les écosystèmes de mangroves, qui fournissent divers services écosystémiques (SE), sont menacés par des menaces d’origine naturelle et anthropique, nécessitant la mise en œuvre de politiques de protection. Cependant, la relation entre les SE et leurs bénéficiaires directs, à savoir les communautés locales, n’est souvent pas évidente. L’objectif de cette étude était d’analyser les perceptions de la population locale concernant l’importance des différentes catégories de SE dans la région de mangroves de l’Aire communautaire de conservation de la biodiversité (ACCB) Bouche du Roy au Bénin.

Méthodes : Nous avons administré des questionnaires d’enquêtes à 41 répondants résidant autour de l’ACCB, ciblant divers profils socio-économiques, notamment des pêcheurs, des producteurs de sel ou des écogardes. Nous avons comparé les scores moyens d’importance de 12 services, y compris les SE d’approvisionnement, de régulation et culturels. Ensuite, une analyse de régression multiple et un bref entretien post-enquête ont permis d’identifier les différences dans les scores d’importance selon les profils des répondants.

Résultats : Les scores moyens pour l’approvisionnement alimentaire (4,37), la séquestration du carbone (3,83) et le contrôle de l’érosion (3,46) étaient les plus élevés, tandis que ceux pour la purification de l’eau (1,83) et les services médicaux (1,85) étaient les plus bas. L'analyse statistique a également révélé des variations dans les perceptions des valeurs ES selon les différents profils et sexes des répondants, à l'exception de l'approvisionnement alimentaire, des ressources en eau et du contrôle de l'érosion, qui n'ont montré aucune différence significative. Les personnes interrogées ayant une bonne connaissance des SE des mangroves les ont hautement appréciées, soulignant les avantages tangibles et la prise de conscience croissante des contributions des mangroves favorisées par les efforts de conservation.

Conclusions : La protection réussie des écosystèmes de mangroves de l’ACCB dépend de l’acceptation sociale, qui repose sur leur capacité à fournir des moyens de subsistance, une régulation climatique et côtière, ainsi que des valeurs culturelles, spirituelles et touristiques. La consultation des communautés locales peut intégrer leurs intérêts dans les plans de protection.

Mots-clés : mangroves, services écosystémiques, consultation communautaire, Bénin

Native plant and pollinator survey on an organic herb farm in Washington state

Alyssa Mollema — 2025-02-27

Background: Trout Lake Farm (TLF) is a certified organic herb farm in North America. Located in Trout Lake, WA, it supplies plant material to a leading nutritional supplement company. TLF’s main crops include Coneflower (Echinacea angustifolia DC., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench), Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.), and Common Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg). TLF is beginning to adopt the principles of regenerative agriculture, including the documentation and support of biodiversity on the farm’s property. The goal of this study was to provide a baseline understanding of pollinator habitat on farm property, as well as the proportion of native species found along the farm borders and field edges.

Methods: The methods included random sampling of uncultivated areas on farm property for native and non-native plant species and cover, as well as sampling both cultivated and uncultivated areas on property for Lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) and Hymenopteran (bee and wasp) pollinators.

Results: Results showed an estimated 8.3 percent of the farm’s property can be considered beneficial habitat for pollinators and other key wildlife. Pollinators were observed to be more abundant within the crop fields than in the uncultivated areas. The most abundant pollinator observed was the non-native honeybee (Apis mellifera), followed by native Bombus species and the Western Tiger Swallowtail (Papilio rutulus).

Conclusions: TLF has a uniquely supportive relationship with native flora and fauna compared to traditional staple crop agricultural systems. Opportunities exist for increasing native habitat and improving sustainability practices. This initial evaluation of the farm’s biodiversity is the first step of supporting native species in an agricultural setting.

Keywords: Regenerative agriculture, Uncultivated land, Working lands, Pollinator habitat, Organic farming, Native species

Wild edible plants used by the Indigenous communities of the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh, India

Zohra Batool — 2025-03-23

Trans-Himalayan region, evolved traditional knowledge to identify, harvest, use, and manage wild edible plants (WEPs). WEPs are vital in meeting nutritional needs and surviving food scarcity during harsh winters. However, WEPs and related traditional knowledge in the region have declined recently due to multiple human, climatic, and environmental factors. Hence, the present study aimed to document traditional knowledge and diversity of WEPs, the current threat status of WEPs, identify species with maximum usage and quantify consensus among the informants in Ladakh.

Methods: The study was conducted in 12 villages of five regions, viz., Changthang, Kargil, Nubra, Leh, and Zanskar of Ladakh, between 2019 and 2022. 60 participants (35 men and 25 women) were interviewed using open and semi-structured questionnaires.

Results: Fifty-two wild edible plants belonging to 25 families and 40 genera were recorded as being used for edible purposes, with 288 use reports (UR). The most utilized species were Thymus linearis Benth. (UR=38), and Capparis spinosa L. (UR=31). The recorded species' cultural index (CI) ranged from 0.03 to 0.63. The highest informant consensus factor (ICF) was reported for the vegetable category (ICF=0.82), followed by traditional dishes and flavoring agents (ICF=0.80 each). Based on the IUCN Red List and North-Western Himalayan (NWH) database, recorded WEPs included one critically endangered, two endangered, and three vulnerable species.

Conclusions: The current study reported 52 wild edible plants of Ladakh, highlighting their rich diversity and importance in traditional cuisine. The findings of this study can be utilized in the future to identify individual nutritional value and antioxidant activities of species with high consensus and cultural significance.

Keywords: Wild edible plants; Ladakh; Traditional knowledge; Ethnobotany; Informant consensus factor

Local knowledge about plants used in a high conservation value area of the Southern Yungas, Argentina

Marina Eva Acosta — 2025-01-13

Background: A study was conducted in the locality of El Fuerte (Santa Bárbara Department, Jujuy Province, Argentina). The objectives of this work were to (1) document the ethnospecies of plants used by local people, (2) understand their consensus for use and utilitarian versatility, (3) determine harvesting sites, and (4) assess the availability of plants used based on local perceptions.

Methods: Open and semi-structured interviews were conducted to 11 collaborators, along with free listing, participant observation and species identification in the field.

Results: A total of 124 ethnospecies were identified, of which 59% are native species, used for medicinal purposes (36%) and as food (33%). The most frequently mentioned botanical families across all species were Lamiaceae (19%), Rosaceae (16%), Fabaceae (14%), Asteraceae (12%), and Myrtaceae (9%). The species with the highest consensus for use were piquillín (Condalia cf. buxifolia) and mato (Myrcianthes pungens) and the most versatile of use were piquillín and molle (Schinus sp.). The plants were obtained from environments with both high (town) and low (forest) human intervention. Local people's perceptions of the availability of some plants indicate a decrease in terms of quantity.

Conclusions: This is a first approach to study local ecological knowledge in the region, providing a general overview of the useful plants employed by its inhabitants. These findings aim to strengthen biocultural conservation of forests, promote sustainable resource management and offer economic alternatives for local people.

Keywords: useful plants, ethnoconservation, native forest, Northwestern Argentina.

The influence of prestige bias on knowledge and the dynamics of cultural transmission about medicinal plants in local medical systems

Janilo Dantas — 2025-03-16

Background: Cultural transmission is crucial in social-ecological systems like local medical systems. According to the Theory of Cultural Evolution (CE), the information transmitted can change, either through cultural mutations (random) or guided variations (intentional). In local medical systems, this cultural transmission can be selective. For example, individuals tend to replicate information from prestigious social models, who generally have specialized knowledge in the area of interest. This phenomenon is known as "Prestige Bias". This study investigated how prestige bias affects knowledge and cultural transmission dynamics related to medicinal plants in local medical systems. The hypotheses tested were: H1: prestigious individuals have more knowledge about medicinal plants than those less prestigious; H2: information about medicinal plants from prestigious sources is less prone to cultural mutations than information from less prestigious sources; and H3: prestigious individuals promote more guided variation than cultural mutation.

Methods: We examined the local medical system in the community of Lagoa do Junco, in Santana do Ipanema, Alagoas. We collected data through semi-structured interviews with 120 community residents and analyzed them using the Wilcoxon -Mann-Whitney test and a Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) in the R development environment.Results: People recognized as prestigious have greater knowledge about medicinal plants. However, we did not observe a significant influence of prestige bias on reducing cultural mutations. Furthermore, it was found that prestigious individuals promote more guided variation than cultural mutation.

Conclusions: This study reveals that prestige directly influences the dynamics of cultural evolution in local medical systems.

Keywords: Cultural evolution, Copy errors, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants

Ethnobotanical study on the use of medicinal plants to treat cardiovascular diseases in the Fez-Meknes region of Morocco

Bouchra El Moumen — 2025-03-29

Background: Cardiovascular diseases represent a major global issue. The Moroccan population possesses ethnobotanical knowledge passed down through generations, enriched by ethnic diversity. The Fez-Meknes region has various aromatic and medicinal plants that can be utilized in multiple ways across several fields. The objective of this study focuses on identifying and collecting data on medicinal plants used to prevent diabetes, hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis, and hypercholesterolemia, considered the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

Methods: Data collected through surveys of 270 participant were analyzed using four quantitative indices: relative frequency of citation (RFC), fidelity level (Fl), informant consensus factor (ICF), and the most used part (PPV).

Results: The study revealed the presence of 80 species belonging to 41 botanical families. The most frequently reported families were Lamiaceae (47%), followed by Fabaceae and Apiaceae (29%). Hypertension had the highest informant consensus factor (ICF) among the treated diseases at 0.923. The survey also showed that leaves were the most used part of the plants (PPV = 32.9%), and maceration were the most common preparation (23.91%).

Conclusions: This study contributes to the exploration and documentation of traditional practices in order to better understand and valorize their therapeutic potential. Further research, combining ethnobotanical knowledge with rigorous scientific analysis, could lead to the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Keywords: Ethnobotanical study, cardiovascular diseases, traditional medicine, Fez-Meknes, Morocco.

Ethnomedical insights into plants used by tribes in the Rif of Al Hoceima and in the Pre-Rif of Taza (two provinces in Northern Morocco)

Fatima Zahra El Aboui — 2025-03-03

Background: Given the richness of Morocco's flora, the diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants, and their contribution to a long medical tradition, a comparative ethnobotanical study was carried out to bio-prospect and preserve their traditional uses. The aim was to identify similarities and differences in practices and beliefs linked to the use of these plants in three different tribes.

Methods: An ethnobotanical survey using a pre-established questionnaire was carried out in parallel with the Rif of Al-Hoceima and the Pre-Rif of Taza in two stages. The first stage aimed to record the uses of different medicinal plants by the populations of these two areas, while the second stage was complementary and comparative, focusing solely on the plants cited by one population without the other and verifying their uses by the second population based on samples of these medicinal plants (and/or their real photos).

Results: The results obtained allowed us to identify 96 plant species in 51 botanical families, of which Lamiaceae and Asteraceae are the most commonly used. The most commonly treated illness was that of digestive disorders, and the most frequently cited preparation methods were infusion for the pre-Rif and decoction for the Rif. In both provinces, people primarily use the leaf. However, significant distinctions were noted, particularly with regard to vernacular names. We identified 45 plants with different nomenclatures between the Rif and the Pre-Rif. These variations may arise from environmental disparities, distinct cultural traditions, and interactions with other ethnic groups.

Conclusions: This comparative ethnobotanical study highlighted both similarities and disparities in the use of medicinal plants between the two provinces. These findings establish a solid foundation for the preservation of traditional knowledge about medicinal plants and suggest promising avenues for future pharmaceutical research and the promotion of sustainable exploitation of plant resources.

Keywords: Ethnobotanical survey, Comparative study, Pre-Rif of Taza, Rif of Al-Hoceima - Northern Morocco.

Ethnobotanical survey in the Graecanic Area of Reggio Calabria (Southern Italy): a treasure chest of biodiversity and traditions at risk of extinction

Miriam Patti — 2025-01-31

Background: In many rural areas of the Mediterranean, spontaneous plants play an essential role in everyday sustenance. However, knowledge of the use of spontaneous plants is gradually disappearing owing to socioeconomic changes that do not allow the enhancement of ethnobotanical traditions. The aim of this work was to collect, preserve, and enhance the ethnobotanical knowledge of the Graecanic Area of Reggio Calabria (Southern Italy), a marginal area rich in traditions and ethnobotanical knowledge that are at risk of extinction.

Methods: Data related to the botanical species known and used by the Graecanic populations were collected and analysed.

Results: In total, 632 records concerning current and past ethnobotanical use were gathered based on interviews with 24 informants. A total of 157 taxa belonging to 50 different families were identified, along with 22 subspecies and 3 genera utilised for ethnobotanical purposes. The most frequently mentioned families were Asteraceae (105 interviews and 26 taxa), Lamiaceae (69 interviews and 12 taxa), and Apiaceae (56 interviews and 8 taxa). The most frequent use was related to nutrition (263 interviews and 83 taxa). The most used taxon was Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze subsp. nepeta, known as nipiteddha in dialect, cited by 14 informants for 5 different uses and totalling 34 interviews, showing high values for CV (0.72) and RFC (0.58).

Conclusions: These findings highlight the significance of ethnobotanical knowledge in preserving cultural traditions and promoting sustainable local practices, while also identifying potential new quality products.

Keywords: Traditional Knowledge; Wild Plants; Cultural Heritage; Food Plants; Medicinal Plants; Wild Resources.

Cross culture comparison in ethno-pharmacological uses of plants between two geographical regions of Northwest Pakistan

Rishma Batool — 2025-01-06

Background: Medicinal plants and plant-based medicines are extensively used in the healthcare system in developing countries. Present research work was carried out to record and report the ethno-pharmacological comparison of medicinal plant uses of two culturally different geographical regions (Kohat and Parachinar) located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

Methodology: The ethno-pharmacological survey was conducted through a semi-structured questionnaire comprised of demographic information and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants of the localities. The survey was based on traditional ethno-medicinal knowledge of local plants. Relative frequency of citation (RFC), informant consensus factor (ICF), and frequency of citation (FC) were among the quantitative tools used to assess the information that was collected.

Results: A total of 103 medicinal plants were reported in two geographical regions, Kohat and Parachinar. Out of these, 62 medicinal plants were reported from District Kurram Parachinar and 41 from District Kohat. In total, 14 medicinal plant species were common based on reported names and traditional knowledge between the two regions. Based on their local names, therapeutic applications, dosage, treatment, and preparation methods, eighty-nine (89) species were determined to be unusual. Among all reported species highest RFC value was reported for Withania coagulans. In the case of ICF gastrointestinal diseases marked maximum value 730 use report. Leafs reported that most plant parts were utilized during the survey.

Conclusion: In terms of the components of medicinal plants employed, their local names, and their traditional uses, there was a notable 91.67% difference between the two localities. This suggests that the ethnobotanical knowledge of the two locations differs, reflecting differences in environmental effects and cultural behaviors. These variations show how diverse traditional medicine is in each place and emphasize how crucial it is to record and preserve this distinctive legacy.

Keywords: Ethno-pharmacological uses, medicinal plants, cross-culture, Kohat, Parachinar.

Concepts and methods: Ethnopharmacological Database for Medicinal plants used in the Northern Morocco

Fatima Zahrae Redouan — 2025-04-03

Background: Northern Morocco is rich in biodiversity, notably medicinal plants. which considered the primary source of medicines and drug discovery due to their secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds that are pharmacologically applicable against several diseases. This study aims to design and develop a database to document the therapeutic uses practiced by the population of the PNTLS (catalog of medicinal plants), analyze the information obtained by species and by uses, comparing with recent literature (Andalusia and Sicily), and the historical data from ancient manuscripts, for to compare the conservation of plant knowledge in the space area and over time.

Methods: The survey was carried out between 2014 and 2017 using semi-structured questionnaires in PNTLs. Data were gathered manually from scientific resources such as published scientific articles, books Ibn Al Baytar (13th century), De Materia Medica of Matthioli and Dioscorides of Laguna (16th century). The data were then organized and digitized into a database using: MySQL, PHP, WAMP, JAVA Script, and JavaScript.

Results: The results obtained from the PNTLS (152 medicinal plants with 567 uses) were compared with the same species cited in current works from Andalusia (103 medicinal uses) and Sicily (94 medicinal uses), and with ancient works including Ibn Al Baytar (94 medicinal uses), Matthioli and Laguna (94 medicinal uses).

Conclusion: The fieldwork data, traditional uses cited in the ancient work and an intuitive platform design, it a resource for preserving traditional plant knowledge, supporting scientific research and promoting sustainable use of medicinal plants in the region.

Keywords: Ethnobotanical approach; Database; Medicinal plants; Talassemtane National Park (PNTLS).

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in the Haut-Sassandra region (Central-West, Côte d'Ivoire)

Kouamé Abraham N'guessan — 2025-02-27

Background: In Côte d'Ivoire, urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a significant public health issue. The rising antibiotic resistance encountered in the treatment of these infections necessitates the search for alternative solutions. This study aims to inventory the medicinal plants used in the treatment of urinary tract infections in the Haut-Sassandra region.

Methods: This is a prospective study where ethnobotanical information was collected using semi-structured interviews and field walks with 349 respondents from October 2022 to January 2023. The study focused on socio-demographic and botanical characteristics.

Results: A total of 43 species belonging to 25 families were documented. The Fabaceae family was dominant (24%). Leaves (37%) and roots (33.8%) were the most preferred parts, as they are believed to contain more secondary metabolites. The most commonly used treatment methods were decoction (71.4%) and oral administration (67.8%). Knowledge of plants was significantly affected by age and ethnic group but not by sex, locality, or education level.

Conclusions: This study cataloged 43 plants and their modes of use in treating urinary tract infections. It helps bridge the information gap on the traditional treatment of urinary tract infections in the Haut-Sassandra region.

Keywords: Bacterial resistance, Fabaceae, Medicinal knowledge, Phytotherapy, prospective study, Public health

Traditional medicine in Wartair, District Malakand, Pakistan: An ethnomedicinal study of locally used plants

Haseen Ullah Haseen Ullah — 2025-03-09

Background: The purpose of this study was to explore the utilization and cultural significance of medicinal plants in ethnomedicinal practices among local communities of Wartair, District Malakand, Pakistan. The local people in the study area largely depend on indigenous medicinal plants for their essential healthcare needs.

Methods: This ethnomedicinal study involved regular field trips and discussions with approximately 130 native informants from the study region, representing diverse socio-economic and educational backgrounds. Information was gathered through interviews and semi-structured questionnaires, emphasizing the perspectives of indigenous people. Data analysis employed quantitative indices, including Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and Fidelity Level (FL %).

Results: This survey comprehensively documented 50 medicinally important plants belonging to 48 genera and 28 families. The findings indicated that herbs dominated (52%) among the collected plants, followed by shrubs (26%) and trees (22%). The collected plants were predominantly perennials (62%), followed by annuals (34%) and biennials (4%). The study revealed that the maximum Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values were for cardiovascular diseases (0.82), sore throat disease (0.81), and skin disease (0.70). Acacia modesta L., Cannabis sativa L., and Ricinus communis L. emerged as the most significant and extensively used species, with Fidelity Level (FL) values of 94.5%, 92.3%, and 89.28%, respectively.

Conclusion: This study noted that Wartair District Malakand, Pakistan, has rich biodiversity in medicinal plants, which are crucial for the fundamental healthcare requirements of the local inhabitants, particularly the underprivileged.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Medicinal Plants, Informant Consensus Factor, Fidelity level, Malakand, Pakistan

Ethnobotanical survey of the Ferghana and Andijan regions of Uzbekistan

O.K. Khojimatov — 2025-03-09

Background: This paper provides information on medicinal plants used by the local population of Ferghana and Andijan regions.

Methods: Data were collected during the 2022 and 2023 surveys as a result of interviews, rapid assessments, and the collection of field materials. Interviews with the local population were conducted in the form of a questionnaire, with the consent of the informants.

Results: During ethnobotanical studies conducted in the Fergana region, a total of 230 ethnobotanical records were documented regarding the use of plants by the local population. These records encompass 182 species belonging to 77 genera from 7 families. The 20 most frequently mentioned species are presented in Table 5. Similarly, our research in the Andijan region documented the use of 125 medicinal plant species belonging to 77 genera from 20 families. A total of 215 ethnobotanical records were collected, with the 18 most frequently mentioned species summarized in Table 5.

Conclusions: In the Ferghana region, of the most commonly used medicinal plants, the families Asteraceae (60.6%) and Lamiaceae (19.4%) are of leading importance, and the genera Artemisia L. (17/22.1%) and Ferula L. (13/16.8%) are distinguished by the largest number of species with medicinal properties. According to collected data in the Andijan region, species belonging to the Lamiaceae family are most often used by the local population for medicinal purposes, which is 25.7% of the total, followed by the Asteraceae (8.9%) and Apiaceae (6.9%) families. The species of these identified families are often used because of the greatest knowledge of them among the local population and the transmission of this information occurs from generation to generation.

Keywords: Ferghana and Andijan regions, medicinal plants, traditional medicine, human diseases, herbal drugs, WHO, JASP, ArcGIS.

The guitar of Baixo Alentejo (Portugal) - a journey into botanical traditions

Ana Paula Figueira — 2025-01-27

In Baixo Alentejo, a historic province in southern Portugal, musical traditions are deeply intertwined with nature, particularly through a local chordophone known as the campaniça guitar, crafted from both exotic and native Portuguese woods. This distinctive guitar, commonly played at rural festivals to provide harmony and rhythm to improvised songs, represents a centuries-old tradition that connects Portuguese culture with plant resources. Although the campaniça faced a decline in popularity towards the end of the 20th century, a revivalist movement played a crucial role in ensuring its survival. More recently, cultural centers in Castro Verde and Odemira have been established to safeguard this unique musical heritage, inspiring future generations to preserve and innovate within the tradition.

Keywords: campaniça guitar, Baixo Alentejo, traditional music, ethnomusicology, ethnobotanical memory.

A botanical perspective on the Portuguese crown jewels – the golden fleece insignia

Luis Carvalho — 2025-01-06

The Royal Treasury Museum (Lisbon) houses one of the richest collections of jewels in Europe and its collection of circa one thousand pieces, includes many that depict stylized plants. Studying them provides us with an insight into the symbolic use of plants in the societies that created them and reveals their links with the classical symbolic codes. A very precious jewel in the collection is the insignia of the Order of the Golden Fleece, made in the early years of the 19th century, with 1,741 diamonds (more than 300 carats), 190 rubies and one sapphire, arranged in the shape of palm leaves, laurel branches and oak fruits, whose symbolism alludes, not only the Portuguese Royalty, but to the Greco-Roman civilization and to the Christian doctrine.

Saint Gerald of Braga and the fruits of devotion

Luis Carvalho — 2025-03-09

The Cathedral of Braga, one of Portugal’s most iconic religious landmarks, preserves a profound connection between sacred traditions and fertility symbolism. At the core of this association stands Saint Gerald, whose legend recounts a remarkable event—fruits miraculously ripening in the depths of late autumn. This episode gave rise to a lasting ritual: each year, during his feast, his chapel is adorned with fruit, echoing ancient fertility symbols rooted in the same location, where a Roman temple once stood in honor of the Egyptian goddess Isis. Revered as a divine mother and guardian of life, Isis shares striking iconographic parallels with the Christian Virgin of Milk, reinforcing themes of abundance and motherhood. The fruit offerings in Saint Gerald’s chapel thus serve as a bridge between pagan and Christian fertility motifs, illustrating the seamless continuity of sacred traditions. Still observed in modern-day Braga, this enduring practice not only sustains religious devotion but also highlights the historical interplay of fertility, divine intercession, and cultural identity, all symbolized through the offering of fruit.

Keywords: Saint Gerald of Braga, fruits and fertility, plants in Christian traditions, cult of Isis, Virgin of Milk.

Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants - Book review

Merinah — 2025-02-19

A review of Noureddine Chaachouay, Abdelhamid Azeroual, and Lahcen Zidane. 2025. Comprehensive Guide to Hallucilogenic Plants. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. Boca Raton, Florida, USA and Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK. pp 455. GBP £180.00 (Hardback), ISBN 9781032591803 (hardback), ISBN 9781032607320 (paperback), ISBN 9781003460336 (ebook).

The book Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants, edited by Noureddine Chaachouay, Abdelhamid Azeroual, and Lahcen Zidane, offers an in-depth exploration of hallucinogenic plants. This book explores more than 50 species of hallucinogenic plants, focusing on their historical, cultural, and medicinal significance. It examines their traditional uses in ancient societies, their roles in indigenous healing practices, and the psychoactive compounds they contain. Beyond ethnobotanical perspectives, the book delves into the ritualistic and medicinal applications of these plants, covering their taxonomy, pharmacology, and potential therapeutic benefits. It also addresses conservation challenges and sustainable utilization. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific research, this work provides a comprehensive analysis of the pharmacological and ethnobotanical significance of hallucinogenic plants.

The book is structured into multiple comprehensive chapters, each exploring a distinct aspect of hallucinogenic plants.

Ethnobotany: From the Traditional to Ethnopharmacology - Book Review

Ahmad Reza Maulana Reza — 2025-01-27

As highlighted in Ethnobotany: From the Traditional to Ethnopharmacology, edited by José L. Martinez, Alfred Maroyi, and Marcelo L. Wagner (2023), this book presents the latest research on the potential of plants commonly used in traditional medicine and their pharmacological applications. The need for new and alternative treatments arises from the inefficacy of some current therapies for various diseases. This compilation provides valuable insights for researchers aiming to develop novel medications.

Médecine et magie dans le Sud-Est de Madagascar - a book review

Rainer W Bussmann — 2025-01-08

Médecine et magie dans le Sud-Est de Madagascar - Les devins-guérisseurs et lúsage des plantes. Philippe Beaujard. Ediciones SÉPIA, Paris2024. 648 pp. Price: € 40.-, ISBN 979-10-334-0605-1, French.

Traditional resources and tools for modern drug discovery: Ethnomedicine and pharmacology – book review

Muhamad Elfitra Salam — 2025-03-23

This book provides innovative insights into the combinatorial use of plant-based compounds for drug discovery and development to achieve improved treatment outcomes. It explores the evolution of ethnobotany and traditional medicine as the foundation for modern drug development, employing biotechnological methods that involve the identification, screening, and optimization of natural compounds to enhance affinity, selectivity, bioavailability, and metabolic stability. The book also highlights the crucial role of bioactive compounds in contemporary pharmaceutical research, specifically examining how drugs influence the molecular and physiological regulation of infections and diseases. Written by leading experts and supported by up-to-date literature and illustrations, this volume serves as a valuable academic resource for researchers, industry professionals, and health policymakers.

Traditional resources and tools for modern drug discovery – Book Review

Muhammad Bima Yudha SY — 2025-03-16

A review of Traditional resources and tools for modern drug discovery: ethnomedicine and pharmacology. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. pp 662. EUR €199.99 (Hardcover). ISBN 978-981-97-4599-9 (hardcover), ISBN 978-981-97-4602-6 (softcover), ISBN 978-981-97-4600-2 (eBook).

The book Traditional resources and tools for modern drug discovery: ethnomedicine and pharmacology is a well-structured and insightful exploration of how traditional medicinal resources continue to shape modern drug discovery. It gradually builds from foundational ethnobotanical concepts to advanced pharmaceutical applications, offering a cohesive narrative that demonstrates the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge with contemporary scientific research.

Plantes médicinales de Mauritanie. Remèdes traditionnels et guérisseurs du Sahara au fleuve Sénégal- a book review

Cheikh Yebouk — 2025-03-03

Plantes médicinales de Mauritanie. Remèdes traditionnels et guérisseurs du Sahara au fleuve Sénégal- Michel Thouzery, Abdellahi Ould Mohamed Vall. Edition : Association Plantes et nomades, Paris2011. 287pp. Price: € 32 .-, ISBN 9 782746-633643, French

Plantes médicinales de Mauritanie. Remèdes traditionnels et guérisseurs du Sahara au fleuve Sénégal “Medicinal Plants of Mauritania: Traditional Remedies and Healers from the Sahara to the Senegal River” delves into the medicinal plant practices of local communities and traditional healers, meticulously documenting their methods. It also explores how these plants might enhance contemporary health care systems, based on fifteen years of field research. By looking at the ecological, pharmacological, and ethnobotanical aspects of these practices, this method effectively combines old knowledge with modern scientific knowledge. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges of maintaining plant resources amid increasing desertification.

Medicinal and aromatic plants: Healthcare and industrial applications – a book review

Parul Singhal — 2025-03-16

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Healthcare and Industrial Applications. Tariq Aftab and Khalid Rehman Hakeem (Eds). Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. eBook ISBN: 978-3-030-58975-2; doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58975-2

As highlighted in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Healthcare and Industrial Applications, edited by Tariq Aftab and Khalid Rehman Hakeem (2021), this book presents the various applications of medicinal and aromatic plants in different sectors including healthcare, industry and pharmaceutical (Fig. 1). This compilation provides valuable insights for students and researchers who are working on medicinal and aromatic plants.

Apocynaceae Plants: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Bioactivity and Biotechnological Advances – Book Review

Ahmad Reza Maulana — 2025-03-16

Biotechnological Advances. Springer, Singapore. pp 263. EUR €117.69 (eBook), ISBN 978-981-99-5406-3 (eBook).

As revealed in Apocynaceae Plants: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Bioactivity and Biotechnological Advances, edited by Ravindra H. Patil, Mohini P. Patil, and Vijay L. Maheshwari (2023), the book presents the latest research on the Apocynaceae plant family, with a specific focus on ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, and bioactive compounds. The application of the plants is significant, given that they have been used widely for medicinal purposes and have potential use as drugs. With the increasing demand for novel bioactive molecules, this book is a valuable resource for researchers in medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and biotechnology.

Integrating Ethnobotany and Indigenous Knowledge into Higher Education Curricula: Insights from a Global Biobliometric Analysis

Fenky Marsandi — 2025-02-09

Background: Indigenous knowledge and ethnobotany are essential to preserving ecological sustainability, biodiversity, and cultural heritage. Its inclusion in higher education curricula is still somewhat limited, despite its significance. In order to preserve cultural identity and address global issues, it is imperative that traditional knowledge be included into academic frameworks as the demand for sustainable education grows.

Methods: To investigate global trends in incorporating ethnobotany and indigenous knowledge into higher education curricula, this study uses bibliometric analysis. VOSviewer and Biblioshiny were used to evaluate data gathered from the Scopus database (1997–2024) in order to find new research themes, collaborative networks, and publication trends.

Results: In response to the sustainable development goals, ethnobotany and the integration of indigenous knowledge have garnered a great deal more scholarly attention, especially after 2010. As a global leader, Indonesia contributes the most citations and publications. Network analysis emphasizes how important local knowledge is in building context-sensitive and transdisciplinary teaching methods, which promotes curriculum design innovations.

Conclusions: There is revolutionary potential for sustainable education when ethnobotany and indigenous knowledge are included into higher education. This integration is a calculated step toward creating innovative teaching practices that are globally adaptive and culturally appropriate.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Higher education, Curriculum, Bibliometric analysis

Traditional uses, bioactive compounds and pharmacological uses of Vitex doniana Sweet: A Review

Abdulrahman Dogara Mahmoud — 2025-01-28

Background: Medicinal plants have been extensively utilized and esteemed since ancient times for their multifaceted benefits. Owing to their Ethnopharmacological attributes, they become a vital reservoir for managing and averting ailments such as inflammation, coronary disease and cancer. Recently, Vitex doniana has garnered considerable interest for its possible therapeutic properties. The aim of the study is to provide a thorough and up-to-date review of published collection regarding the therapeutic properties, phytochemical composition, and pharmacognosy of V. doniana.

Methods: Research articles were searched on Elsevier, Springer, Google Scholar, Taylor & Francis, PubMed, and Scopus using the keywords V. doniana, chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and other relevant terms.

Results: Vitex doniana was used in traditional medicine as a remedy for several health conditions including hypertension, paralysis, epilepsy, convulsions, spasm, sleeplessness, depression, and leprosy. Bioactive study revealed the presence of 483 compounds including hydroxycinnamic acid, saponin, allicin, flavonoids, terpenoid, aldehydes, amino acids, alkynes, alkane, hydrocarbon, phenethylamines, alcohol, and others. Most of these bioactive studies have focused on leaves. The medicinal and pharmacological capabilities have been substantiated by a diverse array of investigations, particularly highlighting its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-epileptic, blood pressure regulating, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and anesthetic actions.

Conclusions: It is crucial to ascertain its safe dosage and elucidate its mode of action. This offers potential for wider perceptions and advancement for a foundation for clinical investigations. This may garner attention for its efficacy as a supplement that promotes health and its potential for the development of novel herbal products.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Africa, fruits, medicinal, plants, malaria, diabetes, and intestinal aliments, wounds, skin diseases, toothache fever, diarrhea and respiratory illnesses

Ethnomedicinal plants used for gastro-intestinal disorders (GIDs) by the tribal communities of Arunachal Pradesh (Eastern Himalayas), India: A comprehensive review

Yashpal Bhardwaj — 2025-01-06

Background: Medicinal plants used for treating Gastro-intestinal disorders (GIDs) by tribal communities of Arunachal Pradesh have a long history. This study aimed to compile the ethnomedicinal plants for GIDs with special reference to pharmacological activities and preclinical test of plants with high use value. This review provides baseline data for analysis of phytochemicals, bioactive compounds, and further research in the field of herbal drug discoveries.

Methods: For collection of data, specific keywords such as “Arunachal Pradesh”, “ethnomedicine”, “ethnobotany”, “Eastern Himalayas” etc. were searched as single-word or in different combination in online databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, iMedPub, Google Scholar, Scopus, etc.).

Results: 256 plant species of 83 families were reported for GIDs. Dominant habit was herb (41%), Trees (27%), Shrubs (17%), Climbers and Undershrubs (7% each). Among the 256 species, plants with high use reports (UR) in treatment of various GIDs are Paederia foetida (20), Centella asiatica (15), Houttuynia cordata (14), Psidium guajava (10), Begonia roxburghii (8), Coptis teeta (8), Dillenia indica (7), Litsea cubeba (6), Solanum nigrum (6) and Allium hookeri (5). The highest value of Informant consensus factor was reported for Stomach Inflammation/Gasatritis (0.24) while least for stomach ulcer/peptic ulcer. Leaves (27.49%) are the common plant part under use followed by fruit 19.64 %, root 9.67%, shoot 7.85% stem bark 6.65%, rhizome 6.34%, whole plant 6.04%, stem 4.83%, seed 3.63%, and other parts.

Conclusions: The overall review study suggests tribes of this region are using diverse medicinal plants/parts as herbal medicine for different GIDs.

Key words: Ethnobotany; Tribal community; Gastrointestinal; Eastern Himalayas; Use value

Ethnobotanical Knowledge, Chemistry, and Pharmacology of the Asteraceae Family in Iran: A Review

Mohabat Nadaf — 2025-01-15

Background: The Asteraceae family is one of the largest families of flowering plants, known for its diverse chemical compounds with significant biological activities. The majority of Asteraceae family members have therapeutic applications and have a long history in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study is to introduce the key medicinal species of this family and their chemical compounds that are used in traditional Iranian medicine.

Methods: Here, we reviewed scientific published studies in major scientific databases on the medicinal and chemical properties of Asteraceae family, emphasizing the ethnobotanical uses in Iran.

Results: This review selected 137 key Asteraceae family plants for their medicinal uses and chemical properties. The most frequently used parts were flower (26%) and leaves (21%). The most important preparations were decoction (44%) and infusion (33%). The genus Artemisia participates with the highest number of species (10 species) followed by Centurea (9 species). The most frequently cited medicinal species were used for digestive system treatment (18%) followed by the respiratory system (10%). Among the active substances that determine the biological activity of the plant material phenolic acid derivatives, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones and other terpenoids, and polyacetylenes are some of the most commonly reported compounds from Asteraceae family plants.

Conclusions: In this research, ethnobotany knowledge about the uses of Asteraceae family plants has been collected so that it will be available to the next generations. Local people are using the plants for various purposes i.e. digestive system treatment, respiratory system, and nervous system. The precious ethnobotanical knowledge about these plants must be transferred to the younger generations. The data may be valuable in the future for pharmacological studies.

Keywords: Ethnobotany; Medicinal plants, Asteraceae, Phytochemistry, Plant Ecology.

Ethnobotany Research and Applications: Required standards for manuscripts based on field research

Cheikh Yebouk — 2025-02-04

Ethnobotany Research and Applications (ERA), established in 2003, has consistently adhered to its mission of providing free, open-access, and rapidly published research materials worldwide. Over more than 20 years, ERA has grown significantly, publishing nearly 30 volumes and expanding its scope to include ethnobiology, ethnomycology and ethnozoology. Initially hosted at the University of Hawaii, it is now managed by Ilia State University in Georgia and indexed in Scopus and Crossref. With a CiteScore of 3.4 and an acceptance rate between 13-18%, the journal has achieved high academic standing in various fields. Submissions have quadrupled over the last years, with improved publication timelines, but many manuscripts need to be rejected due to failure to follow author guidelines, poor formatting, language issues, etc.

ERA faces recurring issues in submissions, including exaggerated claims about medicinal plant studies, misuse of statistical methods, and confusion between "use" and "knowledge." Many authors also neglect core botanical requirements such as proper species identification and vouchering, undermining reproducibility. The journal remains committed to its free and open-access model, supported by Ilia State University, an unpaid editorial team, and voluntary reviewers. Authors and readers are urged to participate in the peer-review process to sustain ERA's operations and uphold its standards of excellence.

Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology provide invaluable insights into the relationships between plants and human cultures, especially regarding traditional knowledge, medicinal practices, and sustainable resource use. The Ethnobotany Research and Application Journal embraces this interdisciplinary field, promoting high-quality submissions that meet methodological rigor and align with global ethical standards.

The editorial team recognizes that the volume of submissions often exceeds the journal's publication capacity. Therefore, ensuring adherence to specific methodological and ethical standards is critical for manuscript acceptance. This article serves as a guideline for authors to align their submissions with these requirements. Drawing inspiration from similar standards established in other journals, this document outlines essential criteria for manuscripts focusing on field-based ethnobotanical research

Review and conservation priority of medicinal plants in riverside communities in the Amazon estuary, Pará, Brazil

Wendel Patrick Gomes Marques — 2025-02-04

Background: The use of medicinal plants (MP) is a very common practice among Amazonian communities. Traditional knowledge is a good source of information for planning strategies for the conservation of MP. Here, we identify medicinal species to be prioritized for conservation in communities of riverside dwellers along the Pará River and Marajó Bay, in the Amazon estuary.

Methods: We searched the scientific literature of the last 35 years (1985 to 2020) on the use and knowledge of these resources and aspects related to medicinal versatility, forms of collection, parts used, anthropic pressure and origin (cultivation/extractivism) to estimate the indices of Relative Importance (RI), Sensitivity (SI) and Importance Value (IVI) in order to evaluate the priority species for conservation actions.

Results: A total of 343 MP was recorded, distributed in 84 botanical families, with Fabaceae standing out. Socratea exorrhiza (paxiúba), a typical floodplain species, stood out as the most vulnerable to anthropogenic collection and pressure (SI = 0.99). Carapa guianensis (castanha-do-Pará/Brazil nut) stood out with great versatility regarding its uses (RI = 1.88) and higher importance value (IVI = 2.85).

Conclusions: Another 33 species can be considered high priority for conservation in the communities surveyed. Recommendations were suggested for local strategies for sustainable use and management.

Keywords: Ethnobotany, Medicinal species, Brazilian Amazon, Amazonian Floodplain Forest, Local Knowledge.

Resumo
Contexto: O uso de plantas medicinais (PM) é uma prática muito comum entre as comunidades amazônicas. O conhecimento tradicional é uma boa fonte de informação para o planejamento de estratégias de conservação de MP. Aqui, identificamos espécies medicinais a serem priorizadas para conservação em comunidades de moradores ribeirinhos ao longo do Rio Pará e da Baía de Marajó, no estuário do Amazonas.

Métodos: Foi realizada busca na literatura científica dos últimos 35 anos (1985 a 2020) sobre o uso e conhecimento desses recursos e aspectos relacionados à versatilidade medicinal, formas de coleta, partes utilizadas, pressão antrópica e origem (cultivo/extrativismo) para estimar os índices de Importância Relativa (IR), Sensibilidade (IS) e Valor de Importância (IVI) para avaliar as espécies prioritárias para ações de conservação.

Resultados: Foram registrados 343 PM, distribuídos em 84 famílias botânicas, com destaque para Fabaceae. Socratea exorrhiza (paxiúba), espécie típica de várzea, destacou-se como a mais vulnerável à coleta e pressão antrópica (IS = 0,99). Carapa guianensis (castanha-do-Pará/castanha-do-brasil) destacou-se pela grande versatilidade quanto aos usos (RI = 1,88) e maior valor de importância (IVI = 2,85).

Conclusões: Outras 33 espécies podem ser consideradas de alta prioridade para conservação nas comunidades pesquisadas. Foram sugeridas recomendações para estratégias locais de uso e gestão sustentáveis.

Palavras-chave: Etnobotânica, Espécies medicinais, Amazônia brasileira, Floresta de várzea amazônica, Conhecimento local.