Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae spp.) in the Indian Himalayas: Integrating Ethnobotanical Knowledge, Phytomedicinal Potential, and Conservation Strategies

Abstract

Background: The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), a globally biodiversity hotspot, is ecologically vulnerable, requiring sustainable use of its native resources. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae spp.) is a keystone multipurpose shrub widely distributed across the IHR, valued for its ethnobotanical relevance, phytomedicinal potential, and ecological functions. However, a comprehensive synthesis integrating traditional knowledge, bioactive composition, and conservation challenges remains fragmented.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines to synthesize existing scientific evidence on Hippophae spp. in the IHR. A structured literature search was performed in the Scopus database for peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025. After screening and eligibility assessment, 48 studies were included for qualitative synthesis focusing on ethnobotanical applications, phytochemical composition, ecological roles, and conservation status.

Results: Sea buckthorn is extensively utilized across Himalayan communities for food, traditional medicine, fodder, and livelihood support. It is rich in bioactive compounds, including vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, phytosterols, and essential fatty acids, conferring antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and dermatological properties. Ecologically, the species enhances soil stabilization, improves moisture retention, and contributes to the restoration of degraded landscapes. Despite its multifunctional value, natural populations are increasingly threatened by overexploitation, habitat degradation, weak regeneration, erosion of indigenous knowledge, and climate change.

Conclusion: Sea buckthorn represents a critical bioresource linking traditional healthcare systems with ecosystem resilience in the IHR. Integrating community-based conservation, sustainable harvesting practices, germplasm preservation, and value-addition strategies is essential to ensure its long-term sustainability and role in climate-resilient development.