Traditional uses and cultural significance of Piper retrofractum (Piperaceae) among Javanese and Sundanese communities, Indonesia

Abstract

Background: Piper retrofractum Vahl is an important medicinal and culinary plant that has long been integrated into the cultural traditions of the Javanese and Sundanese communities of Indonesia. This study examines the ethnobotanical relationship between P. retrofractum and these two ethnic groups by synthesizing information on its botanical description, geographical distribution, vernacular nomenclature, traditional uses, and cultural significance.

Methods: A qualitative approach was employed by integrating primary ethnobotanical observations with secondary data from the scientific literature and historical sources. Particular attention is given to traditional products derived from the fruits of P. retrofractum, including cabe puyang herbal tonic, sambal gepleng, and bandrek, which illustrate the species' enduring importance in local food and healthcare traditions. The review also summarizes the phytochemical constituents reported for P. retrofractum and discusses their relevance to its traditional medicinal applications.

Results: The findings demonstrate that Javanese long pepper occupies a significant role in Javanese and Sundanese culture, serving not only as a medicinal plant and culinary spice but also as an integral component of traditional rituals and cultural practices. This study highlights the close association between biological resources and local knowledge and emphasizes the importance of preserving the ethnobotanical heritage of P. retrofractum as part of Indonesia's biocultural diversity.

Conclusions: The common use of P. retrofractum among Javanese and Sundanese communities reflects its long-standing cultural significance, with diverse local names and traditional uses in foods and beverages. It serves medicinal and culinary roles in cabe puyang, bandrek, and sambal gepleng highlighting its multifaceted role in Javanese and Sundanese ethnobotanical traditions.

Keywords: Piper retrofractum; Javanese long-pepper; ethnobotany; Javanese; Sundanese